Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad B.Pharmacy I Year HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-I Previous Question Paper (July-2021 - R17)

Living organisms are distinguished from non-living matter by several fundamental characteristics:

• Organization: Living things are highly organized at both microscopic (cellular) and macroscopic (organismal) levels.
• Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions in the body, including anabolism (building complex molecules) and catabolism (breaking down molecules to release energy).
• Responsiveness: The ability to detect and respond to internal or external environmental stimuli.
• Movement: Includes motion of the entire body, individual organs, single cells, or structures within cells.
• Growth: An increase in body size resulting from an increase in the size of existing cells, the number of cells, or both.
• Differentiation: The process by which unspecialized cells become specialized cells with distinct structural and functional characteristics.
• Reproduction: The formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual.
• Homeostasis: The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite external changes.

The human body is composed of four primary tissue types, each serving specific physiological roles:

• Epithelial Tissue: Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts, and forms glands. Its primary functions include protection, filtration, absorption, secretion, and sensory reception.
• Connective Tissue: The most abundant and widely distributed tissue. It binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, provides physical support and protection, and helps provide immunity to disease.
• Muscular Tissue: Composed of cells specialized for contraction and generation of force. It is responsible for body movement, maintaining posture, and generating heat. It exists in three forms: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
• Nervous Tissue: Detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating electrical signals called nerve action potentials. It is essential for coordinating body activities, processing information, and maintaining homeostasis.