JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B. Pharmacy I Year HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-I Previous Question Paper (September - 2024 - R17)
Note: i) Question paper consists of Part A, Part B. ii) Part A is compulsory, which carries 25 marks. In Part A, answer all questions. iii) In Part B, Answer any one question from each unit. Each question carries 10 marks and may have a, b as sub questions.
Part A
Mention the process of cell division and its significance.
Answer
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. It occurs primarily through mitosis, which produces identical somatic cells for growth and tissue repair, and meiosis, which produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes for sexual reproduction.
The significance of cell division includes the growth and development of the organism, the replacement of damaged or dead cells, and the maintenance of genetic continuity across generations.
Discuss the structure and function of epithelial tissues in the human body.
Answer
Epithelial tissue consists of closely packed cells arranged in continuous sheets with very little extracellular matrix, forming the covering and lining of body surfaces and cavities. These cells are attached to an underlying basement membrane, which anchors them to connective tissue, and they are avascular, relying on diffusion for nutrients.
The primary functions include:
- Protection: Acts as a physical barrier against abrasion, dehydration, and chemical injury (e.g., skin epidermis).
- Absorption: Specialized cells in the digestive tract absorb nutrients from the lumen.
- Secretion: Glandular epithelium synthesizes and releases substances like hormones, enzymes, and mucus.
- Filtration and Diffusion: Thin layers, such as simple squamous epithelium, allow for the rapid passage of gases and fluids in the lungs and kidneys.
Write a short note on Organization of skeletal muscle.
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Describe the process of signal transmission at the neuromuscular junction.
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Describe the process of electrophysiology in nerve cells.
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Elaborate on the gross structure of the spinal cord and its role in sensory and motor functions.
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Write any two diseases pertaining to the nose.
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Discuss any two diseases pertaining to the tongue.
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Describe the mechanism of hormone action in target cells.
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Discuss the structure and functions of the pancreas.
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Part B
Define anatomy and physiology, and explain their scope. Discuss the levels of structural organization in the human body.
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Explain the structure and functions of a cell, including the transport mechanisms across the cell membrane.
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Discuss the types of cell junctions, their structures, and their functions in tissue integrity and communication.
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Explain the forms of intracellular signaling, with examples.
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Describe the structure and functions of the skin in the integumentary system.
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Explain the salient features and functions of the bones in the axial skeletal system.
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Explain the physiology of muscle contraction.
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Classify joints structurally and functionally, and describe the different types of joint movements.
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Describe the organization of the nervous system, including the types of neurons and neuroglia.
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Discuss the electrophysiology of neurons, focusing on action potential and nerve impulse transmission.
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Describe the structure and function of synapses and the role of neurotransmitters.
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Discuss the structure and functions of the brain, including the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum.
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What are the main functions of the peripheral nervous system, and how is it classified?
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Compare and contrast the structure and functions of spinal nerves and cranial nerves.
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Describe the origin and functions of cranial nerves, providing examples of their roles in sensory and motor functions.
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Explain the structure and functions of the ear, highlighting the mechanisms involved in hearing and balance.
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Outline the classification of hormones and describe the mechanism of hormone action in the body.
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Explain the anatomy and functions of the thyroid gland, focusing on its role in metabolism and hormone production.
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Discuss the anatomy and functions of the adrenal gland, detailing the production and effects of adrenal hormones.
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Outline the anatomy and functions of the pineal gland and thymus, and discuss their respective roles in hormone production and immune function.
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