JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B. Pharmacy I Year HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-I Previous Question Paper (September/October-2021 - R17)

A typical animal cell consists of various organelles enclosed within a plasma membrane. Key structures to label in a diagram include:

• Plasma Membrane: The outer boundary regulating substance transport.
• Nucleus: The control center containing genetic material (DNA) and the nucleolus.
• Mitochondria: The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for ATP production.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough ER (with ribosomes) for protein synthesis and Smooth ER for lipid synthesis.
• Golgi Apparatus: Involved in packaging and modifying proteins.
• Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
• Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes for intracellular waste disposal.
• Cytoplasm: The jelly-like fluid filling the cell space.
• Centrioles: Involved in organizing microtubules during cell division.

Mitosis is the process of somatic cell division resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells. It consists of four primary phases:

1. Prophase: Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes. The nuclear envelope breaks down, and the mitotic spindle begins to form as centrioles move to opposite poles.
2. Metaphase: Chromosomes align along the equatorial plane (metaphase plate) of the cell. Spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores of each chromosome.
3. Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers toward opposite poles of the cell. Each chromatid is now considered an individual chromosome.
4. Telophase: Chromosomes reach the poles and begin to de-condense back into chromatin. New nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes.

Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis, where the cytoplasm divides to physically separate the two daughter cells.