JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B.Pharmacy I REMEDIAL BIOLOGY Previous Question Paper (September/October-2021 - R17)

Binomial nomenclature is the formal system of naming living organisms, developed by Carolus Linnaeus. In this system, each organism is assigned a scientific name consisting of two parts: the Genus name and the species epithet.

The rules for binomial nomenclature include: 1) The name is typically derived from Latin or Greek. 2) The genus name begins with a capital letter, while the species name starts with a lowercase letter. 3) When printed, the name should be in italics; when handwritten, it must be underlined separately. 4) The name of the author who first described the species is often written in abbreviated form after the species name (e.g., Mangifera indica Linn.). This system provides a universal, unambiguous method for identifying organisms, preventing confusion caused by varying local or common names.

The anatomy of a monocot root, when viewed in transverse section (T.S.), exhibits the following distinct layers from the periphery to the center:

1. Epiblema (Piliferous layer): The outermost single layer of thin-walled, compactly arranged cells. Some cells extend to form unicellular root hairs for water absorption.
2. Cortex: A broad region composed of several layers of thin-walled parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces, serving to store food and water.
3. Endodermis: The innermost layer of the cortex, consisting of barrel-shaped cells. These cells possess Casparian strips (thickened bands of suberin) that regulate water movement into the stele.
4. Stele: The central core containing the pericycle (a single layer of thin-walled cells) and the vascular bundles.
5. Vascular Bundles: Monocot roots are characterized by a polyarch condition, typically having more than six (often many) alternating bundles of xylem and phloem.
6. Pith: A large, well-developed central region composed of parenchyma cells, which is a distinguishing feature of monocot roots compared to dicot roots.