JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B. Pharmacy III PHARMACOLOGY - II Previous Question Paper (July/August - 2023 - R17)

Hemodynamics is the study of the physical principles governing the flow of blood within the circulatory system, including the relationships between blood pressure, blood flow, and vascular resistance.

Congestive heart failure is a chronic, progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump blood efficiently enough to meet the body's metabolic demands, leading to fluid accumulation in the lungs and peripheral tissues.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are a class of antihypertensive agents that block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Commonly used drugs in this class include Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril, Ramipril, and Perindopril.

The common adverse effects associated with ACE inhibitors include:

• Dry Cough: A persistent, non-productive cough caused by the accumulation of bradykinin in the lungs due to inhibited degradation.
• Hyperkalemia: Increased serum potassium levels resulting from reduced aldosterone secretion.
• Angioedema: A rare but serious swelling of the face, lips, and throat, which can lead to airway obstruction.
• Hypotension: Particularly observed as a first-dose effect, especially in patients who are volume-depleted or on diuretics.
• Renal Impairment: Potential for acute renal failure in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis.
• Teratogenicity: These drugs are contraindicated in pregnancy due to the risk of fetal renal damage and malformations.