JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B.Tech IV Year AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL Previous Question Paper (February/March - 2022 - R16)

Special VFR (SVFR) clearance is an authorization granted by Air Traffic Control (ATC) to a pilot to operate an aircraft under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) within Class B, C, D, or E surface areas when the weather conditions are below the standard VFR minima. To receive this clearance, the pilot must request it, and the reported ground visibility must be at least 1 statute mile. In the absence of reported ground visibility, the pilot must maintain flight visibility of at least 1 statute mile. The aircraft must remain clear of clouds at all times. SVFR operations are typically granted only during the day, unless the pilot and the aircraft are equipped for instrument flight (IFR) and the aircraft is IFR certified. ATC will only issue this clearance if it does not interfere with existing IFR traffic, and the pilot remains responsible for maintaining terrain and obstacle clearance.

Class C airspace is designed to improve safety and manage traffic flow around airports that have an operational control tower, are serviced by a radar approach control, and have a certain level of IFR operations or passenger enplanements. Its features include:

1. Dimensions: It typically consists of two circular rings. The inner core has a radius of 5 nautical miles (NM) extending from the surface to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation. The outer shelf has a radius of 10 NM extending from 1,200 feet up to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation.
2. Communication Requirements: Two-way radio communication with ATC must be established prior to entering the airspace. The pilot must receive a specific clearance or acknowledgement from ATC including the aircraft's call sign.
3. Equipment Requirements: All aircraft must be equipped with a Mode C transponder (reporting altitude) and an ADS-B Out system when operating within or above the Class C airspace.
4. Separation Services: ATC provides separation between all IFR aircraft and between IFR and VFR aircraft. VFR aircraft are also provided with traffic advisories and safety alerts.
5. Entry Procedures: Pilots must contact the approach control facility on the designated frequency before entering the 10 NM radius to ensure positive radar identification is established.