JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B.Tech II Year SURVEYING AND GEOMATICS Previous Question Paper (October - 2020 - R18)
Answer any five questions. All questions carry equal marks.
Main
Explain the principles of surveying with neat sketches and explain the situations for which surveys are convenient? [15]
Answer
The fundamental principles of surveying are essential to ensure that the work is accurate, reliable, and free from the accumulation of errors. There are two primary principles:
- Working from the whole to the part: This is the most important principle. It involves establishing a system of control points with high precision covering the entire area first, and then filling in the details using less precise methods. By establishing major control points first, the accumulation of errors is localized and prevented from expanding across the entire survey area.
- Location of a point by measurement from two control points: To fix the position of a new point, it must be referenced against at least two previously established control points. This can be achieved through various methods such as linear measurements (chaining), angular measurements (theodolite), or a combination of both.
Situations for which surveys are convenient:
- Topographic Surveys: To determine the natural features of a country such as hills, valleys, rivers, and lakes, and to represent them on a map using contour lines.
- Cadastral Surveys: To define the boundaries of land, properties, and ownership limits for legal and taxation purposes.
- Engineering Surveys: Required for the planning, design, and construction of infrastructure projects such as highways, railways, bridges, dams, and canals.
- Hydrographic Surveys: To map the shorelines and the depth of water bodies, which is critical for navigation and harbor construction.
- Geological Surveys: To determine the composition of the earth's crust and locate mineral deposits or groundwater resources.
- Military Surveys: Conducted for strategic purposes to identify terrain features that could influence tactical operations.
- Mine Surveys: Essential for mapping underground passages, ventilation shafts, and determining the volume of extracted materials.
Observed bearings of a close traverse are given below, find correct bearings by finding local attraction affected stations. [15]
| Line | FB | BB |
|---|---|---|
| AB | 36° 0' | 216° 45' |
| BC | 98° 15' | 276° 0' |
| CD | 201° 45' | 203° 15' |
| DA | 322° 45' | 142° 45' |
Answer
To determine the correct bearings in a traverse affected by local attraction, we first calculate the difference between the Fore Bearing (FB) and Back Bearing (BB) for each line. The theoretical difference between FB and BB should be exactly 180°. If the difference is not 180°, the station is affected by local attraction.
| Line | FB | BB | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|
| AB | 36° 0' | 216° 45' | 180° 45' |
| BC | 98° 15' | 276° 0' | 177° 45' |
| CD | 201° 45' | 203° 15' | 1° 30' |
| DA | 322° 45' | 142° 45' | 180° 0' |
Analysis of differences:
- Line DA has a difference of 180°, implying stations D and A are free from local attraction.
- Since A is free, the FB of AB (36° 0') is correct. The BB of AB should be 36° 0' + 180° = 216° 0'. The observed BB is 216° 45', so station B has an error of -45'.
- Since B is affected, the BB of BC (276° 0') is correct. The FB of BC should be 276° 0' - 180° = 96° 0'. The observed FB is 98° 15', confirming station C is also affected.
- Correcting the bearings based on the error at each station:
| Line | Correct FB | Correct BB |
|---|---|---|
| AB | 36° 0' | 216° 0' |
| BC | 96° 0' | 276° 0' |
| CD | 201° 45' | 21° 45' |
| DA | 322° 45' | 142° 45' |
Answer the following: [15]
List the various difficulties in Leveling.
Answer
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Explain Differential Leveling and Precise Leveling, what are their advantages?
Answer
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Explain the different indirect methods of the location of contours and explain interpolation by arithmetical method? [15]
Answer
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Show what errors are eliminated by the repetition method. How will you set out a horizontal angle by the method of repetition? [15]
Answer
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A theodolite was set up at a distance of 200 m from a tower. The angle of elevation to the top of the parapet was 8° 18′ while the angle of depression to the foot of the wall was 2° 24′. The staff reading on the B.M. having R.L 248.362 with the telescope horizontal was 1.286 m. Find the height of the tower and the R.L. of the top of the parapet? [15]
Answer
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Explain briefly the salient features of the total station. [15]
Answer
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Explain the various applications of photogrammetry. [15]
Answer
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