JNTU B.Tech IV FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOTICS Previous Question Paper (July/August - 2022 - R18)

Robots are classified by their control systems into two primary categories based on how they manage motion and task execution:

• Non-Servo Controlled Robots: These operate using mechanical stops to define the start and end points of a motion. They are simple, cost-effective, and typically perform pick-and-place operations with limited flexibility.
• Servo Controlled Robots: These utilize feedback control loops (closed-loop systems) to monitor position and velocity continuously. They can stop at any point within their workspace and follow complex paths, making them suitable for precision tasks like welding, painting, and assembly.

Tactile sensors enable robots to perceive physical contact with objects, mimicking the human sense of touch. They function by detecting mechanical pressure or force through various physical phenomena:

• Resistive Sensors: Use conductive elastomers or polymers where contact pressure changes the electrical resistance of the material, which is then measured by a circuit.
• Capacitive Sensors: Measure changes in capacitance between two conductive surfaces separated by a dielectric material; as force is applied, the gap changes, altering the capacitance.
• Piezoelectric Sensors: Utilize materials that generate an electrical charge when subjected to mechanical stress, providing a direct conversion of force into a voltage signal.

These sensors are integrated into robotic grippers to allow for delicate object manipulation and slip detection.