JNTU B.Tech II JAVA PROGRAMMING Previous Question Paper (March - 2022 - R13)

Procedural programming languages focus on a step-by-step execution of functions, which leads to several drawbacks: data is often global and easily accessible, making it vulnerable to accidental modification; code reusability is limited because functions are tightly coupled to data structures; and maintaining or scaling large, complex systems becomes difficult as the code becomes monolithic and hard to debug.

Object-oriented programming (OOP) addresses these issues by bundling data and methods into objects, promoting encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. This improves modularity, security, and maintainability.

Example in Java:

class Calculator { private int result; public void add(int a, int b) { result = a + b; } public int getResult() { return result; } } public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { Calculator calc = new Calculator(); calc.add(10, 20); System.out.println(calc.getResult()); } }

Yes, Java supports multi-way selection through the switch statement. This construct allows a program to evaluate an expression and branch to one of several execution paths based on matching constant values.

The syntax is as follows:

The switch statement is more efficient than a long chain of if-else-if statements when checking a single variable against multiple discrete values. Since Java 7, the expression can also be of type String, providing greater flexibility in control flow logic.