JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B.Tech III Year FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET OF THINGS Previous Question Paper (August/September - 2021 - R18)

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm where physical objects, or 'things', are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies to connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the internet. These objects range from ordinary household items to sophisticated industrial tools.

The IoT Ecosystem comprises several interconnected layers that work together to facilitate data collection, transmission, and decision-making:

• Perception Layer (Things/Sensors): This is the physical layer consisting of sensors and actuators that collect data from the environment or perform actions based on commands.
• Network Layer (Connectivity): This layer acts as the bridge, utilizing communication protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, LoRaWAN, or 5G to transmit data from the perception layer to the processing unit.
• Middleware/Processing Layer: This layer processes the incoming data, performs analytics, and manages data storage. It often involves Edge Computing to process data closer to the source to reduce latency.
• Application Layer: This is the user interface layer where the processed data is presented as actionable insights. It includes mobile apps, web dashboards, and enterprise software that allow users to monitor and control IoT devices.
• Cloud/Data Center: Provides the infrastructure for massive data storage and advanced analytics, often utilizing Machine Learning models to derive long-term patterns and predictive insights.