JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B.Tech III SCRIPTING LANGUAGES Previous Question Paper (August/September - 2024 - R16)

The default file system for most modern Linux distributions is ext4 (Fourth Extended Filesystem). Its primary advantages include:

• Improved Performance and Scalability: It supports volumes up to 1 exbibyte and files up to 16 tebibytes, offering better disk space allocation and faster read/write speeds compared to its predecessors.
• Journaling Support: It uses journaling to track changes, which significantly improves system reliability and reduces the time required for file system recovery after an unexpected crash or power failure.

In UNIX, file access permissions are defined by three categories of users: the owner (user), the group, and others. For each category, there are three fundamental types of permissions:

• Read (r): Allows the user to view the contents of a file or list the contents of a directory.
• Write (w): Allows the user to modify or delete the contents of a file or create/remove files within a directory.
• Execute (x): Allows the user to run a file as a program or script, or enter/access a directory.

These permissions are represented numerically using an octal system where read=4, write=2, and execute=1, allowing a total of 7 for full access per category.