JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B.Tech IV Year INTERNET OF THINGS Previous Question Paper (July/August - 2022 - R18)

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects or 'things' embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet. These objects range from ordinary household items to sophisticated industrial tools.

The key characteristics of IoT include:

• Connectivity: Enables network accessibility and compatibility, allowing devices to communicate with each other and cloud platforms.
• Intelligence: IoT systems incorporate AI and machine learning to analyze data and make autonomous decisions.
• Dynamic and Self-Adapting: Devices can dynamically adapt to changing contexts and environments, such as changing sleep states or scheduling.
• Scalability: The ability to support a massive number of devices and data points as the network grows.
• Sensing: The capability to gather data from the environment using various sensors to detect changes in physical parameters.
• Security: Protecting the integrity and privacy of the data and the devices themselves from unauthorized access.
• Unique Identity: Every IoT device is uniquely identifiable through an IP address or URI, facilitating precise tracking and management.

The physical design of an IoT system refers to the tangible components that make up the network. It is primarily composed of IoT Devices and IoT Protocols that facilitate communication.

The components are structured as follows:

• IoT Devices: These are the building blocks of the system. They consist of sensors (to collect data like temperature or motion), actuators (to perform actions like turning on a motor), and microcontrollers or microprocessors (like Arduino or Raspberry Pi) to process the data locally.
• Communication Modules: These modules allow devices to transmit data to the network. They include wired interfaces (Ethernet, USB) and wireless interfaces (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, LoRa, or cellular networks like 4G/5G).
• IoT Gateways: Gateways act as an intermediate bridge between the IoT devices and the cloud. They aggregate data from multiple sensors, perform protocol translation, and provide initial data filtering or edge processing to reduce bandwidth usage.
• Cloud/Server Infrastructure: This is where the data is stored, processed, and analyzed. It provides the backend support for data management, application hosting, and long-term storage.
• Application Layer: This is the interface through which users interact with the IoT system, such as mobile apps or web dashboards, providing visualization and control over the physical devices.