JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B.Tech IV Year ENTREPRENEUR RESOURCE PLANNING Previous Question Paper (December - 2020 - R16)

Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service, and speed. The need for BPR arises from the following factors:

• Operational Inefficiency: Existing workflows often contain redundant tasks, bottlenecks, and bureaucratic layers that hinder productivity. BPR aims to eliminate these non-value-added activities.
• Changing Market Dynamics: Rapid technological advancements and shifting customer expectations require organizations to be more agile. BPR enables firms to adapt their processes to meet modern market demands.
• Cost Reduction: By streamlining processes and automating manual tasks, organizations can significantly reduce operational overheads and waste.
• Enhancing Customer Value: BPR shifts the focus from functional departments to end-to-end processes, ensuring that every step contributes directly to customer satisfaction.
• Competitive Advantage: Organizations that fail to innovate their internal processes risk obsolescence. BPR provides the structural transformation necessary to outperform competitors in terms of responsiveness and efficiency.

Supply Chain Management (SCM) involves the oversight of materials, information, and finances as they move in a process from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer. The major elements of SCM include:

• Planning: This is the strategic component where companies develop a plan to manage all the resources that go toward meeting customer demand for their product or service. It involves forecasting demand and optimizing inventory levels.
• Sourcing: This element focuses on choosing the right suppliers to provide the goods and services needed to create the product. It includes developing pricing, delivery, and payment processes with suppliers.
• Manufacturing: This is the production phase where the product is created, tested, packaged, and prepared for delivery. It is the most metric-intensive portion of the supply chain, where companies measure quality levels, output, and worker productivity.
• Delivery (Logistics): Often referred to as logistics, this element coordinates the receipt of orders from customers, develops a network of warehouses, picks carriers to get products to customers, and sets up an invoicing system to receive payments.
• Returning: This is the problem-responsive phase, often called reverse logistics. It involves creating a network for receiving defective, excess, or unwanted products back from customers and supporting customers who have problems with delivered products.
• Enabling: This involves the support systems that facilitate the entire supply chain, including finance, human resources, information technology, and quality management systems that ensure the smooth flow of data and resources across the chain.