JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B.Tech IV BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION Previous Question Paper (January/February - 2023 - R18)
Note: i) Question paper consists of Part A, Part B. ii) Part A is compulsory, which carries 25 marks. In Part A, Answer all questions. iii) In Part B, Answer any one question from each unit. Each question carries 10 marks and may have a, b as sub questions.
Part A
What is an electrode and electrode potential.
Answer
An electrode is a transducer that converts ionic current flow in the body into electronic current flow in a measurement circuit. Electrode potential is the potential difference that develops at the interface between the electrode and the electrolyte due to the charge separation caused by the chemical reaction at the surface.
Write the Nernst equation of resting membrane potential.
Answer
The Nernst equation for the resting membrane potential (E) is given by:
Where R is the universal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, z is the valence of the ion, F is Faraday's constant, and [C]out and [C]in are the concentrations of the ion outside and inside the cell membrane, respectively.
Define relative refractory period.
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Justify the use of Einthoven triangle.
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List the brain waves and their frequency.
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Define the term latency in EMG.
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What is Short Wave Diathermy?
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Mention any three basic requirements for implantable pacemaker.
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What is Tomography?
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Write a note on ultrasonography.
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Part B
Explain the mechanism of generation of action potential and write the necessary equations and mention different stages of action potential.
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Draw and explain the equivalent circuit of a biopotential electrode interface.
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With the action potential waveform, summarize depolarization repolarization and absolute and relative refractory periods.
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What is cardiac vector? Explain ECG leads with necessary figures.
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Describe the principles of blood flow measurements.
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Explain auditory method of blood pressure measurements with necessary figure.
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Explain in detail about bipolar limb lead system of an ECG.
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Explain standard 10-20 electrode placement system for EEG measurement.
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Discuss about the different EEG signal frequency bands.
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With a neat diagram explain the measurement of EMG recording system.
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Explain in detail about the neuronal communication processing steps.
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What is a defibrillator? Explain about internal and external defibrillators.
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Explain about pressure limited and volume limited ventilators.
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What is a pacemaker? Explain in detail about Synchronous and asynchronous pacemakers.
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Explain the following terms in MRI: a) Larmor frequency b) Free induction Decay (FID), c) Spin-echo imaging, d) T2*.
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Explain in detail about PET scan.
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Explain in detail about telemedicine.
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