Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad B.Tech IV LINUX PROGRAMMING Previous Question Paper (September - 2022 - R16)

Linux is a powerful, open-source operating system known for its stability and flexibility. Key features include:

• Open Source: The source code is freely available, allowing users to modify and distribute it.
• Multi-user capability: Multiple users can access system resources simultaneously without interfering with each other.
• Multi-tasking: Linux supports running multiple processes or applications concurrently.
• Security: It provides robust security through user authentication, file permissions, and encryption.
• Hierarchical File System: Linux organizes files in a tree-like structure starting from the root directory (/).
• Shell: It provides a command-line interface (shell) that acts as an interpreter between the user and the kernel.
• Portability: Linux can run on various hardware platforms, from embedded systems to supercomputers.

File handling utilities in Linux are essential for managing data and system files. Common utilities include:

• cat: Used to display, create, or concatenate files.
  Syntax: cat [filename]
  Example: cat file1.txt displays content of file1.txt.
• cp: Used to copy files or directories.
  Syntax: cp [source] [destination]
  Example: cp file1.txt file2.txt creates a copy of file1 named file2.
• mv: Used to move or rename files and directories.
  Syntax: mv [source] [destination]
  Example: mv oldname.txt newname.txt renames the file.
• rm: Used to remove or delete files.
  Syntax: rm [filename]
  Example: rm temp.txt deletes temp.txt.
• head / tail: Used to display the beginning or end of a file.
  Syntax: head -n [lines] [filename]
  Example: tail -n 5 log.txt shows the last 5 lines of log.txt.
• chmod: Used to change file access permissions.
  Syntax: chmod [mode] [filename]
  Example: chmod 755 script.sh sets read, write, and execute permissions.