Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad B.Tech IV PHP Programming Previous Question Paper (July - 2021 - R16)

PHP supports a wide range of operators to perform operations on variables and values. The primary types include:

• Arithmetic Operators: Used for mathematical calculations such as addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), modulus (%), and exponentiation (**).
• Assignment Operators: Used to assign values to variables, such as =, +=, -=, *=, /=, and %=.
• Comparison Operators: Used to compare two values, including equal (==), identical (===), not equal (!= or <>), not identical (!==), greater than (>), less than (<), greater than or equal to (>=), and less than or equal to (<=).
• Increment/Decrement Operators: Used to increase or decrease a variable's value by one, such as pre-increment (++$a), post-increment ($a++), pre-decrement (--$a), and post-decrement ($a--).
• Logical Operators: Used to combine conditional statements, such as AND (&& or and), OR (|| or or), XOR (xor), and NOT (!).
• String Operators: Used specifically for strings, including the concatenation operator (.) and the concatenation assignment operator (.=).
• Array Operators: Used to compare arrays, such as union (+), equality (==), identity (===), inequality (!= or <>), and non-identity (!==).
• Conditional Assignment Operators: Includes the ternary operator (?:) and the null coalescing operator (??).

Loops in PHP are used to execute the same block of code a specified number of times or while a condition is true. The main types are:

• while loop: Executes a block of code as long as the specified condition is true. The condition is evaluated before the execution of the loop body.
• do...while loop: Similar to the while loop, but it executes the code block once before checking the condition. This ensures the code runs at least once.
• for loop: Used when the number of iterations is known beforehand. It consists of three expressions: initialization, condition, and increment/decrement.
• foreach loop: Specifically designed for iterating over arrays. It loops through each key-value pair in an array, making it highly efficient for data processing without needing to manage index counters manually.