Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad B.Tech IV R PROGRAMMING Previous Question Paper (July - 2021 - R16)

R functionality is organized into a modular system of packages, which are collections of functions, data, and compiled code. These are categorized into three main groups:

• Base Packages: These are automatically loaded when R starts and provide the fundamental functionality, including core data manipulation, arithmetic, and basic graphics.
• Recommended Packages: These are included with the standard R distribution but must be loaded explicitly using the library() function. Examples include MASS and nlme.
• Contributed Packages: These are developed by the community and hosted on repositories like CRAN, Bioconductor, or GitHub. They extend R's capabilities for specialized tasks such as machine learning, web scraping, and advanced data visualization.

Despite its power, R has several notable limitations:

• Memory Management: R is an in-memory language, meaning it loads the entire dataset into RAM. This makes it difficult to process datasets that exceed the available system memory.
• Performance: Being an interpreted language, R is generally slower than compiled languages like C++ or Java for computationally intensive loops.
• Security: R lacks built-in security features, making it unsuitable for embedding in web applications without additional infrastructure.
• Inconsistent Syntax: Due to its evolution from the S language, R has some inconsistencies in function naming and argument ordering, which can be confusing for beginners.