JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B.Tech III Year INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION Previous Question Paper (August/September - 2021 - R18)

In process control, systems are classified based on how their components influence each other. A non-interacting system consists of multiple stages where the output of one stage does not affect the input of the preceding stage. For example, in a series of cascaded tanks, if the flow from one tank to another is independent of the liquid level in the receiving tank (often achieved by using a pump or a free-falling discharge), the system is non-interacting. The transfer function of such a system is simply the product of individual transfer functions.

An interacting system occurs when the output of one stage influences the input of the previous stage. In a series of tanks where the flow between them depends on the difference in liquid levels (head), the level in the second tank exerts a back-pressure or resistance on the first tank. Consequently, the dynamics of the first tank are modified by the second. The overall transfer function for an interacting system is more complex because the stages are coupled, requiring simultaneous differential equations to describe the system behavior.

Data refers to raw, unorganized facts, symbols, or signals that lack context or meaning on their own. It is the basic input to a system. Information is processed, structured, and contextualized data that has been given meaning and is useful for decision-making. While data is the building block, information is the result of analysis, interpretation, or organization of that data.

Data can be represented in several forms:

• Numeric: Composed of digits (0-9) used for calculations and measurements.
• Textual: Composed of characters, alphabets, and symbols used to represent words and sentences.
• Audio: Sound-based data represented in analog or digital formats (e.g., voice, music).
• Image/Visual: Graphical data represented as pixels or vectors (e.g., photographs, charts).
• Video: A sequence of images combined with audio, representing motion and time-based events.