Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad B.Tech III JAVA PROGRAMMING Previous Question Paper (November/December - 2020 - R16)

The primary differences between Procedure Oriented Programming (POP) and Object Oriented Programming (OOP) are as follows:

• Focus: POP focuses on functions or procedures, while OOP focuses on objects that combine data and methods.
• Data Security: In POP, data moves openly around the system from function to function, making it less secure. In OOP, data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions, ensuring better security through encapsulation.
• Approach: POP follows a top-down approach, whereas OOP follows a bottom-up approach.
• Modularity: OOP provides better modularity through classes and objects, making it easier to maintain and extend compared to the procedural structure of POP.
• Overloading: OOP supports function and operator overloading, which is not supported in POP.
• Examples: POP includes languages like C, Pascal, and FORTRAN; OOP includes languages like Java, C++, and Python.

Type casting is the process of converting a value from one data type to another. In Java, this is categorized into two types:

1. Widening Casting (Implicit): This occurs automatically when converting a smaller numeric type to a larger type (e.g., byte to int, or int to double). Since there is no loss of data, the compiler handles it safely.
2. Narrowing Casting (Explicit): This must be done manually by placing the target type in parentheses in front of the value. It is required when converting a larger type to a smaller type (e.g., double to int), which may result in data loss or truncation of fractional parts.