JNTU B.Tech III SCRIPTING LANGUAGES Previous Question Paper (October - 2020 - R16)

Linux is an open-source, Unix-like operating system known for its stability and security. Its primary advantages include being free and open-source, allowing users to modify and distribute the kernel; high security due to its permission-based architecture and lower susceptibility to malware; stability, as it rarely requires reboots and handles heavy workloads efficiently; and flexibility, making it ideal for servers, embedded systems, and supercomputers. Conversely, its disadvantages include a steep learning curve for beginners accustomed to graphical interfaces; limited software support for proprietary applications like Adobe Creative Suite or Microsoft Office; and hardware compatibility issues where specific drivers for niche hardware may be difficult to install or configure.

File management in Linux is performed primarily through the command-line interface. Key commands include:

• ls: Lists files and directories within a specified path.
• cd: Changes the current working directory.
• pwd: Prints the absolute path of the current working directory.
• mkdir: Creates a new directory.
• rm: Removes or deletes files or directories (using -r for recursive deletion).
• cp: Copies files or directories from a source to a destination.
• mv: Moves or renames files and directories.
• touch: Creates an empty file or updates the timestamp of an existing file.
• cat: Displays the contents of a file to the standard output.
• chmod: Modifies file access permissions (read, write, execute).
• chown: Changes the ownership of a file or directory.