JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B.Tech III INTERNET OF THINGS Previous Question Paper (August - 2022 - R18)

IoT systems are categorized into six levels based on complexity, sensing, and control requirements:

1. Level 1: Single node, local data processing, no cloud connectivity. Suitable for simple home automation.
2. Level 2: Single node, cloud-based data storage and analysis.
3. Level 3: Single node, cloud-based control and monitoring.
4. Level 4: Multiple nodes, local data aggregation, cloud-based analysis.
5. Level 5: Multiple nodes, cloud-based coordination and analysis, suitable for large-scale monitoring.
6. Level 6: Multiple nodes, centralized cloud-based control, advanced analytics, and machine learning integration.

Deployment templates provide standard architectures for these levels:

1. Template 1: Home Automation (Level 1/2) - Local sensors connected to a central gateway.
2. Template 2: Smart Cities (Level 5/6) - Distributed sensor networks with cloud-based management.
3. Template 3: Industrial IoT (Level 6) - High-reliability, low-latency systems with predictive maintenance.
4. Template 4: Agriculture (Level 4/5) - Wide-area sensor deployment for soil and climate monitoring.

IoT in agriculture, often called Precision Agriculture, optimizes farming efficiency by monitoring environmental and crop conditions in real-time. Key applications include:

• Soil Monitoring: Sensors measure soil moisture, temperature, and nutrient levels, enabling automated irrigation systems to deliver water only where and when needed.
• Crop Health Monitoring: IoT-enabled drones and ground sensors detect early signs of disease or pest infestations through multispectral imaging.
• Livestock Tracking: Wearable sensors monitor animal location, health, and activity levels, allowing for early detection of illness.
• Climate Control: Greenhouse automation adjusts temperature, humidity, and light intensity to maximize yield.

These applications reduce resource wastage, lower operational costs, and increase overall crop productivity.