JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B.Tech IV MULTIMEDIA AND RICH INTERNET APPLICATIONS Previous Question Paper (July - 2021 - R15)

The five fundamental components of multimedia are Text (alphanumeric characters), Graphics (still images, charts, and drawings), Audio (sound, music, and speech), Video (moving images), and Animation (simulated motion). These components are integrated to create interactive digital experiences.

The history of multimedia began in the 1960s with the development of Hypertext by Ted Nelson and the NLS (oN-Line System) by Douglas Engelbart, which introduced the mouse and graphical user interfaces. In the 1970s, the Aspen Movie Map at MIT served as one of the first hypermedia systems. The 1980s marked a significant shift with the introduction of the CD-ROM, allowing for mass storage of multimedia content. The 1990s saw the rise of the World Wide Web, enabling the delivery of multimedia over networks, followed by the development of standards like JPEG and MPEG, which standardized compression for images and video, paving the way for modern streaming and interactive applications.

An 8-bit Grey level image represents each pixel using 8 bits of data, allowing for 256 distinct shades of grey ranging from 0 (black) to 255 (white). Because each pixel requires exactly one byte, these images are memory-efficient and commonly used in medical imaging and document scanning where color information is not required.

A Color Look-Up Table (CLUT), also known as an indexed color palette, is a technique used to reduce the memory required for images. Instead of storing full RGB values for every pixel, the image stores an index (typically 8 bits) that points to a specific entry in a table. The table contains a limited set of colors (e.g., 256 colors), where each entry defines the actual Red, Green, and Blue intensities. This significantly reduces file size, as an image with 256 colors only requires 8 bits per pixel rather than 24 bits, though it limits the total color palette available to the image at any given time.