JNTU B.Tech III RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Previous Question Paper (September - 2021 - R16)

The need for renewable energy arises primarily from the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, which are finite and non-renewable. Furthermore, the combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas releases significant greenhouse gases, leading to global warming and climate change. Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydro, provide a sustainable, clean, and inexhaustible alternative that enhances energy security and reduces environmental degradation.

The development of these sources has evolved from traditional, small-scale applications to sophisticated, large-scale grid-integrated systems. Early development focused on basic mechanical energy, such as windmills and water wheels. Modern development is driven by technological advancements in photovoltaic cells, turbine efficiency, and energy storage systems like lithium-ion batteries. Governments worldwide are incentivizing this transition through policy frameworks, subsidies, and carbon credits to accelerate the shift toward a low-carbon economy.

India possesses a vast and diverse potential for renewable energy due to its favorable geographical location. Key aspects of this potential include:

• Solar Energy: With over 300 sunny days a year, India has an immense solar potential estimated at approximately 748 GW. The government has prioritized large-scale solar parks and rooftop installations to harness this resource.
• Wind Energy: India has a long coastline and significant wind corridors, particularly in states like Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. The offshore wind potential is also being explored to augment the current onshore capacity.
• Biomass and Bioenergy: Being an agrarian economy, India generates significant agricultural waste, which provides a sustainable feedstock for biomass power plants and biogas production.
• Small Hydro: The Himalayan and Western Ghat regions offer substantial potential for small-scale hydroelectric power projects, which have a lower environmental impact compared to large dams.

The total renewable energy potential in India is estimated to be over 1,000 GW. The national target of achieving 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030 highlights the country's commitment to leveraging these resources to meet rising energy demands while fulfilling international climate commitments.