JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B.Tech IV AUTOMATION IN MANUFACTURING Previous Question Paper (September 2020 - R16)

Automation is the technology by which a process or procedure is performed with minimal human assistance, typically through the use of programmed instructions combined with control systems that execute the processes. It integrates mechanical, electronic, and computer-based systems to achieve high efficiency and precision.

Automation is classified into three main types:

• Fixed Automation: Used for high-volume production where the sequence of operations is determined by the equipment configuration (e.g., transfer lines). It is characterized by high initial investment and low flexibility.
• Programmable Automation: Designed for batch production where the equipment can be reprogrammed to change the sequence of operations for different product configurations (e.g., CNC machines, industrial robots).
• Flexible Automation: An extension of programmable automation that allows for the production of a variety of parts with virtually no time lost for changeovers (e.g., Flexible Manufacturing Systems).

Important reasons for implementing automation include:

• Increasing labor productivity and reducing unit costs.
• Improving product quality and consistency by reducing human error.
• Enhancing safety by removing workers from hazardous environments.
• Reducing manufacturing lead times and work-in-process inventory.
• Achieving higher output rates and better utilization of capital equipment.

A hydraulic circuit is a system comprising interconnected components that transport pressurized fluid to perform mechanical work. The basic block diagram consists of a power source, control elements, and an actuator.

The components function as follows:

• Reservoir: Stores the hydraulic fluid and allows for heat dissipation and settling of contaminants.
• Pump: Converts mechanical energy from a prime mover (motor) into hydraulic energy by creating fluid flow.
• Control Valve: Regulates the pressure, direction, and flow rate of the hydraulic fluid to control the movement of the actuator.
• Actuator: Converts the hydraulic energy back into mechanical energy, either through linear motion (hydraulic cylinder) or rotary motion (hydraulic motor).

The fluid returns to the reservoir after passing through the system, completing the closed-loop cycle.