JNTU
JNTU B.Tech II SURVEYING AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES Previous Question Paper (March - 2021 - R18/R16)
Answer any five questions
All questions carry equal marks
Main
Explain the different obstacles encountered in chain surveying.
Answer
Obstacles in chain surveying prevent either the direct measurement of distance or the direct ranging of a line. They are classified into three categories:
- Obstacles to Ranging: These occur when the ground is high or there is a structure (like a building or hill) between the two endpoints, making it impossible to see one end from the other. This is solved by reciprocal ranging.
- Obstacles to Chaining: These occur when the chain cannot be laid on the ground due to physical barriers like ponds, rivers, or buildings. If the obstacle can be chained around (e.g., a building), it is solved by setting up perpendicular offsets. If it cannot be chained through (e.g., a river), it is solved by using similar triangles or geometric constructions.
- Obstacles to both Ranging and Chaining: These are the most difficult, such as a large lake or a dense forest, where neither the line can be seen nor the chain can be laid. These are solved using advanced trigonometric methods or by establishing a parallel line to bypass the obstacle.
A 20 m chain was found to be 15 cm too long after chaining a distance of 1600 m. It was found to be 30 cm too long at the end of day’s work after chaining a total distance of 3200 m. Determine the correct distance if the chain was correct before the commencement of the work.
Answer
The total distance of 3200 m is divided into two parts: the first 1600 m and the remaining 1600 m.
For the first 1600 m, the chain length changed from 20 m to 20.15 m. The average length of the chain is:
Correct distance for the first part:
For the second 1600 m, the chain length changed from 20.15 m to 20.30 m. The average length of the chain is:
Correct distance for the second part:
The total correct distance is:
What are fundamental lines of Theodolite? What should be the relationship between them?
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Explain in detail how permanent adjustments are carried using theodolite instrument.
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The following consecutive readings were taken with a level and a 4m levelling staff on a continuously sloping ground at common interval of 30m. 0.855 (on A), 1.545, 2.335, 3.115, 3.825, 0.455, 1.380, 2.055, 2.855, 3.455, 0.585, 1.015, 1.850, 2.755, 3.845 (on B). The R.L. of A was 380.500 make a level book and apply usual checks. Determine the gradient of the line AB.
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Explain briefly the following:
- Indirect methods of contouring
- Characteristics of contours.
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What do you understand by Global positioning system? Give an overview of GPS.
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Explain the application of total station in surveying.
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What are the types of gauges? Explain atleast three types of tide gauges.
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How bathymetry survey is done by sounding methods, explain in detail.
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Write a note on:
Seismic survey
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Bathymetry survey
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A wooden cylinder of length L and diameter L/2 is floating on water with its axis vertical. Find the metacentric height if the specific gravity of wood is 0.6.
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