JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD MCA 1 C AND DATA STRUCTURES Previous Question Paper (July/August - 2021 - R20)

C language provides a rich set of operators to perform various operations on data. They are categorized as follows:

• Arithmetic Operators: Used for mathematical calculations (+, -, *, /, %). Example: a + b.
• Relational Operators: Used to compare two values (==, !=, >, <, >=, <=). Example: a > b returns 1 if true.
• Logical Operators: Used to combine conditions (&&, ||, !). Example: (a > 5 && b < 10).
• Assignment Operators: Used to assign values to variables (=, +=, -=, *=, /=). Example: a += 5 is equivalent to a = a + 5.
• Bitwise Operators: Perform operations at the bit level (&, |, ^, ~, <<, >>). Example: a & b.
• Increment/Decrement Operators: Used to change the value of a variable by 1 (++a, a++, --a, a--).
• Conditional (Ternary) Operator: A shorthand for if-else (? :). Example: (a > b) ? a : b;
• Special Operators: Includes comma operator (,), sizeof operator, and pointer operators (&, *).

Type casting is the process of converting a variable from one data type to another. C supports two types of conversions:

• Implicit Type Conversion (Automatic): Performed automatically by the compiler when different data types are used in an expression. The compiler promotes the smaller type to the larger type to prevent data loss (e.g., char/short to int, int to float).
  int a = 10; float b = 5.5; float res = a + b; // a is promoted to float
• Explicit Type Conversion (Type Casting): Performed manually by the programmer using the cast operator (type_name). This is necessary when converting a larger type to a smaller type, which may result in data truncation.
  (type_name) expression;
  Example:
  float x = 10.5; int y = (int)x; // x is explicitly cast to int, resulting in 10