JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD MCA C AND DATA STRUCTURES Previous Question Paper (October/November - 2022 - R20)

The process of creating and running a C program involves several sequential stages:

1. Writing the Source Code: Use a text editor to write the program code and save it with a .c extension.
2. Preprocessing: The preprocessor handles directives (e.g., #include, #define), performing text substitution and file inclusion to produce an expanded source file.
3. Compilation: The compiler translates the preprocessed source code into assembly language specific to the target processor architecture.
4. Assembly: The assembler converts the assembly code into machine-readable object code (a .obj or .o file).
5. Linking: The linker combines the object file with necessary library functions (like printf or scanf) to create a single executable file (a .exe file).
6. Execution: The operating system loads the executable file into memory and executes the instructions to produce the desired output.

Bitwise operators perform operations on individual bits of integer operands. The primary operators are:

• Bitwise AND (&): Returns 1 if both bits are 1. Example: 5 & 3 (0101 & 0011) results in 0001 (1).
• Bitwise OR (|): Returns 1 if at least one bit is 1. Example: 5 | 3 (0101 | 0011) results in 0111 (7).
• Bitwise XOR (^): Returns 1 if bits are different. Example: 5 ^ 3 (0101 ^ 0011) results in 0110 (6).
• Bitwise NOT (~): Inverts all bits. Example: ~5 (binary 0101) becomes 1010 (in two's complement, this represents -6).
• Left Shift (<<): Shifts bits to the left by a specified number of positions, filling with zeros. Example: 5 << 1 (0101 becomes 1010) results in 10.
• Right Shift (>>): Shifts bits to the right by a specified number of positions. Example: 5 >> 1 (0101 becomes 0010) results in 2.