JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD MCA II COMPUTER NETWORKS Previous Question Paper (April/May - 2019 - R17)

The evolution of the Internet began in the 1960s with ARPANET, a research project funded by the U.S. Department of Defense to enable resource sharing among computers. In the 1970s, the development of the TCP/IP protocol suite by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn provided a standardized way for heterogeneous networks to communicate. The 1980s saw the transition to TCP/IP and the emergence of the Domain Name System (DNS). The 1990s marked the birth of the World Wide Web, created by Tim Berners-Lee, which transformed the Internet into a global platform for information exchange, leading to the rapid commercialization and expansion seen today.

The Data Link Layer is responsible for node-to-node delivery. Key design issues include:

• Framing: Breaking the bit stream into discrete frames for transmission.
• Error Control: Detecting and correcting errors occurring during physical transmission (e.g., CRC, checksums).
• Flow Control: Preventing a fast sender from overwhelming a slow receiver using mechanisms like stop-and-wait or sliding window protocols.
• Medium Access Control: Determining which device has the right to transmit in shared channel environments.