JNTU MCA 2021 INTERNET OF THINGS Previous Question Paper (July/August - 2021 - R15)

The Internet of Things (IoT) architecture consists of several interconnected components that enable devices to collect, process, and transmit data. The primary components are:

1. Sensors and Actuators: Sensors collect environmental data (temperature, humidity, motion), while actuators perform physical actions based on processed data.
2. Connectivity/Communication Layer: This layer facilitates data transmission between devices and the cloud using protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, LoRaWAN, or cellular networks.
3. Data Processing/Edge Computing: Devices or local gateways perform initial data filtering and processing to reduce latency and bandwidth usage before sending data to the cloud.
4. Cloud/Backend Platform: The central repository where massive amounts of data are stored, analyzed, and managed. It provides the computational power for complex analytics and machine learning.
5. User Interface (UI): Applications or dashboards that allow end-users to monitor data, receive alerts, and control IoT devices remotely.

Designing a domain-specific IoT system for agriculture, often called Precision Agriculture, focuses on optimizing crop yields and resource management. The design involves the following stages:

1. Requirement Specification: Define objectives such as soil moisture monitoring, automated irrigation, or pest detection.
2. Device Selection: Deploy soil moisture sensors, NPK sensors, and weather stations across the field. Use low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies like LoRaWAN to cover large agricultural areas with minimal power consumption.
3. Communication Setup: Data from sensors is sent to a central gateway, which aggregates the information and transmits it to the cloud platform.
4. Data Analytics: The cloud platform processes the data to determine irrigation schedules. For example, if soil moisture drops below a threshold, the system triggers an actuator to open a solenoid valve for water supply.
5. User Interface: A mobile or web application provides farmers with real-time insights, graphical trends of soil health, and manual override controls for irrigation systems.