JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD MCA 2023 LINUX PROGRAMMING Previous Question Paper (March/April - 2023 - R17)

To build a personal command library, follow these steps:

1. Create a dedicated directory (e.g., ~/bin) to store your executable scripts or compiled binaries.
2. Write your programs or scripts and save them within this directory.
3. Ensure the files have execute permissions using the chmod +x filename command.
4. Add the directory to your PATH environment variable by appending

   export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin

   to your .bashrc or .profile file.
5. Source the configuration file or restart your shell to make the commands globally accessible.

In Linux, a file is a collection of data stored on a storage medium, treated as a stream of bytes. Everything in Linux is represented as a file. The primary types include:

• Ordinary Files: Contain text, data, or executable code.
• Directories: Files that contain a list of other file names and their associated inodes.
• Device Files: Interfaces to hardware devices, categorized as character devices or block devices.
• Symbolic Links: Pointers or shortcuts to other files.
• Named Pipes (FIFOs): Used for inter-process communication.
• Sockets: Used for network communication between processes.