JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD Pharm. D I Year PHARMACEUTICS Previous Question Paper (January/February - 2021 - R08)
Answer any five questions. All questions carry equal marks.
Main
Describe about different parts of prescription and handling the prescription.
Answer
A prescription is a written order from a registered medical practitioner to a pharmacist, directing the preparation and dispensing of medication for a patient. It is a legal document that serves as a communication link between the prescriber, the pharmacist, and the patient.
The prescription consists of the following main parts:
- Date: Essential for determining the validity of the prescription and preventing misuse of controlled substances.
- Patient Information: Includes the name, address, age, and sex of the patient to ensure correct identification and dosage calculation.
- Superscription: Represented by the symbol 'Rx', which originates from the Latin word 'Recipe', meaning 'take thou'.
- Inscription: The main body of the prescription containing the names and quantities of the prescribed ingredients.
- Subscription: Directions to the pharmacist regarding the dosage form to be prepared (e.g., capsules, mixture, ointment).
- Transcription (Signa): Instructions for the patient regarding the frequency, route, and timing of administration, often abbreviated as 'Sig'.
- Signature, Address, and Registration Number: The prescriber's details, which validate the document and provide contact information for verification.
The handling of a prescription by a pharmacist involves a systematic process to ensure patient safety and accuracy:
- Receiving: The pharmacist should receive the prescription politely and maintain a professional demeanor.
- Reading and Checking: The prescription must be read carefully to ensure it is clear, legible, and complete. The pharmacist must check for any potential drug interactions, contraindications, or dosage errors.
- Recording: The prescription details are entered into the pharmacy record or computer system for future reference and legal compliance.
- Packaging and Labeling: The medication is prepared according to the subscription, packaged in suitable containers, and labeled clearly with the patient's name, dosage instructions, date, and pharmacist's initials.
- Final Check and Dispensing: A final verification is performed to ensure the dispensed medication matches the prescription. The medication is then handed to the patient with clear verbal instructions and counseling regarding storage and usage.
A vial of sodium chloride injection contains 3 mEq/ml. Calculate the percentage strength of the solution.
Answer
To calculate the percentage strength of a 3 mEq/ml sodium chloride (NaCl) injection, follow these steps:
- Determine the equivalent weight of NaCl. The molecular weight of NaCl is 58.44 g/mol. Since NaCl dissociates into Na+ and Cl-, its valence is 1. Therefore, the equivalent weight is 58.44 g / 1 = 58.44 g/Eq.
- Convert milliequivalents to grams. 3 mEq/ml is equal to 0.003 Eq/ml. Multiplying this by the equivalent weight: 0.003 Eq/ml × 58.44 g/Eq = 0.17532 g/ml.
- Calculate the percentage strength (w/v). Percentage strength is defined as grams of solute per 100 ml of solution. 0.17532 g/ml × 100 ml = 17.532%.
The percentage strength of the solution is 17.532% w/v.
Write about insufflations and effervescent powders.
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Give the advantages and disadvantages of powders? Briefly explain about the packing of powders.
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Classify the mixtures with examples.
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Give the formulation of syrups with examples and give its advantages.
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Define: i) Gargles ii) Throat paints.
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Write a short note on Wetting agents used in suspensions.
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What are the different methods used to evaluate the physical stability of suspensions and explain about them?
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Briefly explain about sutures, ligatures and tinctures.
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Calculate the amount of 70%, 60%, 40%, 30%, alcohol should be mixed to get 55% alcohol.
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Calculate the volume of one pound of glycerin whose density is 1.25g/ml.
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Explain about maceration.
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Briefly explain about the historical background of profession of pharmacy.
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Write about Liniments.
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