JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD Pharm. D I Year REMEDIAL BIOLOGY Previous Question Paper (February/ March - 2023 - R08)

The plant kingdom (Plantae) comprises multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic organisms that possess chlorophyll and cell walls made of cellulose. The classification of the plant kingdom is primarily based on the presence or absence of well-differentiated plant bodies, vascular tissues, and the ability to produce seeds.

The kingdom is broadly classified into two main groups:

1. Cryptogamae (Non-flowering plants): These are plants with hidden reproductive organs. They include Thallophyta (algae, simple thallus body), Bryophyta (amphibians of the plant kingdom, lacking true vascular tissue), and Pteridophyta (first vascular land plants with roots, stems, and leaves).
2. Phanerogamae (Flowering plants): These are highly developed plants that produce seeds. They are further divided into Gymnosperms (plants with naked seeds, not enclosed in fruits) and Angiosperms (plants with seeds enclosed within fruits). Angiosperms are subdivided into Monocotyledons (single seed leaf) and Dicotyledons (two seed leaves).

Plant tissues are categorized into two major types based on the ability of the cells to divide: Meristematic tissue and Permanent tissue.

1. Meristematic Tissue: Composed of actively dividing, undifferentiated cells responsible for plant growth. These are classified by location into apical (at tips), lateral (in cambium), and intercalary (at nodes).
2. Permanent Tissue: Derived from meristematic tissue, these cells have lost the ability to divide and are specialized for specific functions. They are divided into two types:
   • Simple Permanent Tissue: Composed of a single type of cell, including Parenchyma (storage and photosynthesis), Collenchyma (mechanical support), and Sclerenchyma (dead cells providing structural rigidity).
   • Complex Permanent Tissue: Composed of more than one type of cell working together, primarily Xylem (conducts water and minerals) and Phloem (conducts organic food materials).