JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD Pharm. D II Year PHARMACOLOGY-I Previous Question Paper (April/May - 2019 - R08)
Answer any five questions. All questions carry equal marks.
Main
Write in detail about various routes of administration of drugs along with their advantages and disadvantages.
Answer
Routes of drug administration are broadly classified into enteral and parenteral routes.
- Oral Route: Most common, convenient, and non-invasive. Advantages: Safe, economical, and does not require sterile conditions. Disadvantages: Slow onset, risk of first-pass metabolism, and potential gastric irritation.
- Sublingual/Buccal: Drugs are placed under the tongue or in the cheek pouch. Advantages: Rapid absorption and bypasses first-pass metabolism. Disadvantages: Limited to lipid-soluble drugs and small doses.
- Parenteral (IV, IM, SC): Advantages: Rapid onset (IV), suitable for unconscious patients, and bypasses first-pass metabolism. Disadvantages: Requires sterile technique, higher cost, risk of infection, and difficulty in reversing effects once administered.
- Inhalation: Used for gases or aerosols. Advantages: Rapid absorption due to large surface area of alveoli. Disadvantages: Requires specialized equipment and patient coordination.
Define Microsomal Enzyme Inducers and Inhibitors. Give some examples of drugs. Explain the necessity of dosage adjustment when microsomal enzyme inducers or inhibitors are prescribed along with drugs metabolized by these enzymes, covering two scenarios.
Answer
Microsomal Enzyme Inducers increase the synthesis of cytochrome P450 enzymes (e.g., Phenobarbitone, Rifampicin), while Inhibitors decrease their activity (e.g., Cimetidine, Ketoconazole).
Dosage adjustment is necessary to prevent therapeutic failure or toxicity:
- Inducer Scenario: When an inducer is added, the rate of metabolism of a co-administered drug (e.g., Warfarin) increases, reducing its plasma concentration. The dose of the co-administered drug must be increased to maintain therapeutic levels.
- Inhibitor Scenario: When an inhibitor is added, the metabolism of a co-administered drug (e.g., Theophylline) is slowed, leading to accumulation and potential toxicity. The dose of the co-administered drug must be decreased to prevent adverse effects.
An Asthma patient by mistake took 4 tab of Ephedrine (T 1/2 = 6 hr). If 3/4th of the dose needs to be eliminated, in how many hours will this occur? Calculate the hours needed for near-complete (96.87%) elimination of the overdose.
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Describe in detail about parasympatholytic drugs. Explain why these drugs are contraindicated in glaucoma and urinary retention, but used in urinary incontinence.
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What is Vasomotor reversal of Dale and cheese reactions?
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Why levodopa is given in combination with carbidopa for the treatment of Parkinson disease.
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Why is the most common side effect of ACE inhibitors a dry cough?
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If a patient is prone to severe bradycardia with beta blocker therapy, which beta blockers would you prefer and why?
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Describe compensatory responses to decreased cardiac output and the consequences of heart failure.
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Differentiate between seizure, convulsion and epilepsy. Classify the drugs along with their mechanism of action. Write the drug of choice (DOC) for absence seizures in children and adults, partial seizures, febrile seizures and status epilepticus.
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Write a short note on general anesthetics.
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Write the advantages of COX-2 inhibitors over COX-1 inhibitors.
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Name the bronchodilator drugs along with their mechanism of action.
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Write a short note on nasal decongestants.
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Differentiate between Mucolytics and Expectorants.
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Classify oral hypoglycemic agents along with their common ADRs.
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Write a short note on oral contraceptives.
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Classify antithyroid drugs along with their mechanism of action.
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Classify anti-histaminic drugs along with their mechanism of action.
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Name the various receptors of 5-HT along with their families and pathways.
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Write the pharmacology of local anesthetics.
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Write a short note on drugs used in myasthenia gravis.
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Differentiate between acute, sub-acute and chronic toxicity as per OECD guidelines.
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