JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD

Course Objectives

The main purpose of the subject is to understand what drugs do to the livingorganisms

and how their effects can be applied to therapeutics. The subject covers the information about the drugs like, mechanism of action, physiological and biochemical effects (pharmacodynamics) as well as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (pharmacokinetics) along with the adverse effects, clinical uses, interactions, doses, contraindications and routes of administration of different classes of drugs.

Course Outcomes

Upon completion of this course the student should be able to

• Understand the pharmacological actions of different categories of drugs
• Explain the mechanism of drug action at organ system/sub cellular/ macromolecular levels.
• Apply the basic pharmacological knowledge in the prevention and treatment of various diseases.
• Observe the effect of drugs on animals by simulated experiments
• Appreciate correlation of pharmacology with other bio medical sciences

UNIT - I

• 1. General Pharmacology
• a) Introduction to Pharmacology- Definition, historical landmarks and scope of pharmacology, nature and source of drugs, essential drugs concept and routes of drug administration.
• b) Pharmacodynamics- Principles and mechanisms of drug action. Receptor theories and classification of receptors, regulation of receptors. drug receptors interactions signal transduction mechanisms, G- protein–coupled receptors, ion channel receptor, transmembrane enzyme linked receptors, transmembrane JAK-STAT binding receptor and receptors that regulate transcription factors, dose response relationship, therapeutic index, combined effects of drugs and factors modifying drug action.
• c) Pharmacokinetics- Membrane transport, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. Enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition, kinetics of elimination

UNIT - II

Adverse Drug Reactions and Drug Interactions

• a. Agonists, antagonists (competitive and noncompetitive), spare receptors, addiction, tolerance, dependence, tachyphylaxis, idiosyncrasy, allergy.
• b. Adverse drug reactions.
• c. Drug interactions (pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic)
• d. Drug discovery and clinical evaluation of new drugs -Drug discovery phase, preclinical evaluation phase, clinical trial phase, phases of clinical trials and pharmacovigilance.

UNIT - III

• 2. Pharmacology of peripheral nervous system
• a. Organization and function of ANS.
• b. Neurohumoral transmission, co-transmission and classification of neurotransmitters.
• c. Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, sympatholytics.
• d. Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral).
• e. Local anesthetic agents.
• f. Drugs used in myasthenia gravis and glaucoma

UNIT - IV

• 3. Pharmacology of central nervous system - I
• a. Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S. special emphasis on importance of various neurotransmitters like with GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, serotonin, dopamine.
• b. General anesthetics and pre-anesthetics.
• c. Sedatives, hypnotics and centrally acting muscle relaxants.
• d. Anti-epileptics
• e. Alcohols and disulfiram

UNIT - V

Pharmacology of central nervous system - II

• a. Psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, anti-anxiety agents, anti-manics and hallucinogens.
• b. Drugs used in Parkinsons disease and Alzheimer’s disease.
• c. CNS stimulants and nootropics.
• d. Opioid analgesics and antagonists
• e. Drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance and dependence. RECOMMENDED BOOKS (Latest Editions)
• 1. Rang H. P., Dale M. M., Ritter J. M., Flower R. J., Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology, Churchil Livingstone Elsevier
• 2. A Pharmacology Primer: Theory Applications and Methods,3 edition, Terry P. Kenakin, Elsevier
• 3. Katzung B. G., Masters S. B., Trevor A. J., Basic and clinical pharmacology, Tata Mc Graw-Hill
• 4. Goodman and Gilman’s, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
• 5. Basic Knowledge of Pharmacology BY Roland Seifert, Springer
• 6. Marry Anne K. K., Lloyd Yee Y., Brian K. A., Robbin L.C., Joseph G. B., Wayne A. K., Bradley R.W., Applied Therapeutics, The Clinical use of Drugs, The Point Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
• 7. Mycek M.J, Gelnet S.B and Perper M.M. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews-Pharmacology
• 6. K.D. Tripathi. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, JAYPEE Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi.
• 7. Sharma H. L., Sharma K. K., Principles of Pharmacology, Paras medical publisher
• 8. Modern Pharmacology with clinical Applications, by Charles R. Craig& Robert,
• 9. Ghosh MN. Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Hilton & Company, Kolkata.
• 10. Kulkarni SK. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. Vallabh Prakashan
• 11. Ravishankar. K & Kiranmayi G.V.N, Pharmacology: A Comprehensive Approach, Pharma Med Press