JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD

UNIT - I

Fundamentals of X-Ray: Electromagnetic Radiation, Interactions between X-rays and Matter, Intensity of an X-ray Beam, Attenuation. Generation and Detection of X-rays: X-ray Generation, Fillers, Beam Restrictors and Grids, Intensifying Screens, Fluorescent Screens, X-ray detectors. X-Ray Image Characteristics: Spatial Resolution, Image Noise, Image Contrast, Receiver Operating Curve (ROC), Image Subtraction, Digital Radiography. X-ray diagnostic methods, Biological effects of Ionizing radiation.

UNIT - II

Conventional Tomography, Longitudinal Section Tomography, Computed Tomography, Reconstruction Techniques: Algebraic, Iterative reconstruction Techniques, Radon Transform and its applications. Back Projection, Filter Back Projection Algorithms. Radio Nuclide Imaging: Fundamentals of Radioactivity, Radioactive materials, Generation and Detection of Nuclear Emission, Diagnostic Methods using Radiation Detectors. Radio Nuclide Imaging Systems: SPECT, PET, Attenuation compensation. Characteristics of Radio nuclide Images, Internal Radiation, Dosimetry and Biological effects,

UNIT - III

Fundamentals Of Acoustic Propagation: Reflection, Refraction, Attenuation, Absorption, Scattering, Non linearity Parameter and Doppler Effect. Image Characteristics: Ultrasonic Texture, Speckle reduction, Compensation of Phase Aberration, Tissue Characterization. Transducer Beam Characteristics, Axial and Lateral Resolution, Focusing arrays.

UNIT - IV

Ultrasonic Diagnostic Methods: Pulse-Echo Systems, Transmission Methods, Doppler Methods, Duplex Methods, Duplex Imaging. Biological effects due to Ultrasound.

UNIT - V

Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Fundamentals of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Fourier Spectrum of the NMR Signal, Spin Density, Relaxation Times, Pulse Sequences. Generation and Detection of NMR signal: Magnetic field Gradients, The NMR Coil/ Probe, The Transmitter, and The Receiver. Characteristics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Spatial Resolution, Image contrast. Imaging Methods: Data Acquisition, Spin - Echo Imaging, Gradient Echo Imaging, Blood Flow Imaging, NMR Spectroscopy, Sensitivity and Resolution, Imaging Safety. Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields.

R16 B.TECH BIOMEDICAL ENGG.

TEXT BOOKS:

• 1. K. Kirk Shung, Michael B. Smith, Benjamin Tsui. Principles of Medical Imaging., Pub : Academic Press, 1992
• 2. Rangaraj M. Rangayyan, Biomedical Image Analysis”, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

• 1. Avinash C. Kak, Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging. IEEE PRESS R16 B.TECH BIOMEDICAL ENGG.