JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD

Overview

Course Overview: Thermodynamics is the field of physics that deals with the relationship between heat and work in a substance during a thermodynamic process. Specifically, thermodynamics focuses largely on how a heat transfer is related to various energy changes within a physical system undergoing a thermodynamic process. Such processes usually result in work being done by the system and are guided by the laws of thermodynamics. viz Laws of Thermodynamics: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics-Two systems each in thermal equilibrium with a third system are in thermal equilibrium to each other. First Law of Thermodynamics - The change in the energy of a system is the amount of energy added to the system minus the energy spent doing work. Second Law of Thermodynamics - It is impossible for a process to have as its sole result the transfer of heat from a cooler body to a hotter one. Third Law of Thermodynamics - It is impossible to reduce any system to absolute zero in a finite series of operations. This means that a perfectly efficient heat engine cannot be created. Power cycles and refrigeration cycle based on thermodynamic system is studied.

Course Objectives:

• 1. To get the basic concepts of thermodynamics, temperature measurement ,first law and also ability to determine the heat , work in various flow & non-flow processes.
• 2. To gain the knowledge about second law of thermodynamics and determine the change in entropy, availability in various processes.
• 3. To get the knowledge various phases of pure substance and calculate its properties using steam tables and to determine properties of perfect gases in various processes.
• 4. To develop to learn the concepts of mixture of gases and to calculate the property values during a any process.
• 5. To get the knowledge about the working of different types of cycles and their performance.

Course Outcomes:

• 1. Demonstrate knowledge of energy transfer and work done and heat equation in different processes,
• 2. Power cycles and thermodynamic laws.
• 3. Demonstrate knowledge of ability to identify & apply fundamentals to solve problems like system
• 4. Properties, amount of work transfer and heat during various processes, steam properties at different temperatures and pressures using steam tables.
• 5. Demonstrate their knowledge & ability to design the thermal related components in various fields of
• 6. Energy transfer equipments.
• 7. An ability to design a system, component or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, and safety manufacturability and sustainability related thermal fields like I.C engines, different types of power plants etc.
• 8. The ability to use modern engineering tools, software and equipment to analyze energy transfer in required applications.
• 9. A knowledge of impact of engineering solutions on the society and also on contemporary issues related to different types of power cycles.
• 10. Recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in self education and life-long learning.

UNIT - I

Introduction: Basic Concepts: System, Control Volume, Surrounding, Boundaries, Universe, Types of Systems, Macroscopic and Microscopic viewpoints, Concept of Continuum, Thermodynamic Equilibrium, State, Property, Process, Exact & Inexact Differentials, Cycle – Reversibility – Quasi – static Process, Irreversible Process, Causes of Irreversibility – Energy in State and in Transition, Types, Displacement & Other forms of Work, Heat, Point and Path functions, Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics – Concept of Temperature – Principles of Thermometry – Reference Points – Const. Volume gas Thermometer – Scales of Temperature, Ideal Gas Scale- Joule’s Experiments – First law of Thermodynamics – Corollaries – First law applied to a Process – applied to a flow system – Steady Flow Energy Equation.

UNIT - II

Limitations of the First Law – Thermal Reservoir, Heat Engine, Heat pump , Parameters of performance, Second Law of Thermodynamics, Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements and their Equivalence / Corollaries, PMM of Second kind, Carnot’s principle, Carnot cycle and its specialties, Thermodynamic scale of Temperature, Clausius Inequality, Entropy, Principle of Entropy Increase – Energy Equation, Availability and Irreversibility – Thermodynamic Potentials, Gibbs and Helmholtz Functions, Maxwell Relations – Elementary Treatment of the Third Law of Thermodynamics

UNIT - III

Perfect Gas Laws – Equation of State, specific and Universal Gas constants – various Non- flow processes, properties, end states, Heat and Work Transfer, changes in Internal Energy – Throttling and Free Expansion Processes – Flow processes. Deviations from perfect Gas Model – Vader Waals Equation of State – Compressibility charts – variable specific Heats – Gas Tables- Phase Transformations – Triple point at critical state properties during change of phase, Dryness Fraction – Clausius – Clapeyron Equation Property tables. Mollier charts – Various Thermodynamic processes and energy Transfer – Steam Calorimetry.

UNIT - IV

Mixtures of perfect Gases – Mole Fraction, Mass friction Gravimetric and volumetric Analysis – Dalton’s Law of partial pressure, Avogadro’s Laws of additive volumes – Mole fraction , Volume fraction and partial pressure, Equivalent Gas const. And Molecular Internal Energy, Enthalpy, sp. Heats and Entropy of Mixture of perfect Gases and Vapour, Atmospheric air - Psychrometric Properties – Dry bulb Temperature, Wet Bulb Temperature, Dew point Temperature, Thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temperature, Specific Humidity, Relative Humidity, saturated Air, Vapour pressure, Degree of saturation – Adiabatic Saturation , Carrier’s Equation – Psychrometric chart.

UNIT - V

Thermodynamic Cycles : Power cycles: Otto, Diesel, Dual Combustion cycles, Sterling Cycle, Atkinson Cycle, Ericsson Cycle, Lenoir Cycle – Description and representation on P– V and T-S diagram, Thermal Efficiency, Mean Effective Pressures on Air standard basis – comparison of Cycles. Refrigeration Cycles: Bell-Coleman cycle- Vapour compression cycle-performance Evaluation.

TEXT BOOKS:

• 1. Engineering Thermodynamics / PK Nag /TMH, 5th Edition
• 2. Engineering Thermodynamics/E Rathakrishnan/PHI/Second Edition/2013

REFERENCE BOOKS:

• 1. Engineering Thermodynamics/DP Mishra/ Cengage Learning/Second impression 2012
• 2. Thermodynamics – An Engineering Approach – Yunus Cengel & Boles /TMH
• 3. Thermodynamics – J. P. Holman / McGraw Hill
• 4. Engineering Thermodynamics – Jones & Dugan
• 5. Engineering Thermodynamics/P. Chattopadhyay/Oxford Higher Education/Revised First Edition
• 6. Thermodynamics & Heat Engines – Yadav – Central Book Depot, Allahabad.