JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD

Overview

Course Overview: This course is intended to introduce basic principles of internal combustion engines, compressors and refrigeration are widely used in automobile, agriculture, industry for transport, water pumping, electricity generation, earth moving and to supply mechanical power to grinders, crushers etc. Compressors are used for supply of gases including air at higher pressure. Compressors are used to supply compressed air to all pneumatic equipments and for gases such as cooking gas, oxygen, nitrogen, neon, argon compressors are also used. Thus there is great relevance for this course for mechanical engineers.

Course Objectives:

• 1. To introduce basic principles of operation of IC engines compressors and refrigeration systems.
• 2. To understand the procedures of testing and evaluating the performance of these machines.
• 3. To know the maintenance details and procedures.
• 4. Teach students to conduct experiments in laboratories and analyze the results with theoretical ones.

Course Outcomes

The student will be able to:

• 1. Understand main idea and importance behind the 2 - S and 4 - S IC engines.
• 2. To analyze the working of the basic components in the IC engines, Compressors and Refrigeration systems.
• 3. Understand the combustion process and also how it does affect the performance of the IC engines.
• 4. Apply the thermodynamic principles in the design of an IC engines, compressors, and refrigeration system.
• 5. Formulate and perform the procedures required for the maintenance and operation of IC engines, compressors, and refrigeration systems.
• 6. Compare different IC engines, compressors, and refrigeration systems and develop a system which meets the requirements.

UNIT - I

Internal Combustion Engines: Introduction, I.C. ENGINE Classification-Engine Systems, Fuel, Carburetor, Fuel Injection System, Ignition, Cooling and Lubrication. Comparison of Air Standard and Actual Cycles, Volumetric Efficiency. Combustion in S.I. & C.I. Engines: Normal Combustion and abnormal combustion – Importance of flame speed and effect of engine variables – Types of Abnormal combustion, pre-ignition and knocking (explanation of) - anti knock additives – combustion chamber – requirements, types. Four stages of combustion in C.I. Engines– Delay period and its importance – Diesel Knock– Need for air movement, turbulence– fuel requirements, and fuel rating.

R16 B.TECH MSNT.

UNIT - II

Testing and Performance : Parameters of performance - measurement of cylinder pressure, mean effective pressure, fuel consumption, air intake, exhaust gas composition, Brake horse power – Determination of frictional losses and indicated power – Performance test – Heat balance sheet.

UNIT - III

Compressors – Classification –positive displacement and roto dynamic machinery – Power producing and power absorbing machines, fan, blower and compressor – positive displacement and dynamic types – reciprocating and rotary types. Reciprocating: Principle of operation, work required, Isothermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency and effect of clearance volume, stage compression, inter stage cooling, saving of work, minimum work condition for stage compression. Gas Turbines: Simple gas turbine plant – Ideal cycle, essential components – parameters of performance – actual cycle – regeneration, inter stage cooling and reheating –Closed and Semi-closed cycles – merits and demerits of, Brief concepts about compressors, combustion chambers and turbines in the context of Gas Turbine Power Plants.

UNIT - IV

Steam Generators & Nozzles: Steam Boilers (Steam Generators) Working Principle and Classification, Function of Steam nozzles – applications - types, Flow through nozzles, thermodynamic analysis – assumptions – nozzle exit velocity - Ideal (Isentropic) and actual expansion in nozzle, velocity coefficient, condition for maximum discharge, critical pressure ratio, degree of under cooling - Wilson line.

UNIT - V

Steam Turbines: Classification –Impulse turbine; Mechanical details – Velocity diagram – effect of friction – power developed, axial thrust, blade or diagram efficiency – condition for maximum efficiency. De-Laval Turbine - its features. Methods to reduce rotor speed- Velocity compounding and pressure compounding, Velocity and Pressure variation along the flow – combined velocity diagram for a velocity compounded impulse turbine. Reaction Turbine: Mechanical details – principle of operation, thermodynamic analysis of a stage, degree of reaction – velocity diagram – Parson’s reaction turbine – condition for maximum efficiency. Steam Condensers: Classification of condensers – working principle of different types.

TEXT BOOKS:

• 1. I.C. Engines - V. GANESAN, TMH
• 2. Thermal Engineering / Rajput / Lakshmi Publications.

REFERENCES:

• 1. Thermal Engineering-P. L. Bellaney/ Khanna Publishers.
• 2. IC Engines – Mathur & Sharma – Dhanpath Rai & Sons. R16 B.TECH MSNT.