JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD

Pre-Requisites

Nil

Course Objectives:

• Understand the behavior of fluids at cryogenic temperatures and utilize the feature for cryogenic application in aerospace propulsion.
• Analyze the behavior of solids at cryogenic temperatures and develop systems used in hybrid rocket propulsion systems.
• Estimate thermodynamically gas liquefaction systems and elucidate the application of liquefied gas in aerospace propulsion.
• Create thermodynamically gas separation systems and experiment in a sustained environment for possible synthesis of rarefied gases for testing.

Course Outcomes:

• Cryogenic propulsion system

UNIT - I

Introduction to Cryogenics: Thermo physical and fluid dynamic properties of liquid and gas hydrogen, Thermo physical and fluid dynamic properties of liquid and gas helium, Liquefaction systems of hydrogen and helium gases, Liquefaction systems of hydrogen and helium gases, Refrigeration and liquefaction principals; Joule Thomson effect and inversion curve; Adiabatic and isenthalpic expansion with their comparison.

UNIT - II

Properties of Cryogenic Substance: Cryogenic fluids, Solids at cryogenic temperatures; Superconductivity, Recuperative – Linde – Hampson, Claude, Cascade, Heylandt, Kapitza, Collins, Simon; Regenerative – Stirling cycle and refrigerator, Slovay refrigerator, Gifford-McMahon refrigerator, Vuilleumier refrigerator, Pulse Tube refrigerator; Liquefaction of natural gas.

UNIT - III

Cryogenic Insulations: Vacuum insulation, Evacuated porous insulation, Gas filled Powders and fibrous materials. Solid foams, Multilayer insulation, Liquid and vapour Shields, Composite insulations.

UNIT - IV

Storage and Instrumentation of Cryogenic Liquids: Design considerations of storage vessel; Dewar vessels; Industrial storage vessels; Storage of cryogenic fluids in space; Transfer systems and Lines for cryogenic liquids; Cryogenic valves in transfer lines; Two phase flow in Transfer system; Cool-down of storage and transfer systems, Measurement of strain, pressure, flow, liquid level and Temperature in cryogenic environment; Cryostats.

UNIT - V

Cryogenic Equipments: Cryogenic heat exchangers – recuperative and regenerative; Variables affecting heat exchanger and system performance; Cryogenic compressors, Pumps, expanders; Turbo alternators; Effect of component inefficiencies; System Optimization, Magneto-caloric refrigerator; 3He- 4He Dilution refrigerator; Cryopumping; Cryogenic Engineering applications in energy, aeronautics, space, industry, biology, preservation Application of Cryogenic Engineering in Transport.

TEXT BOOKS:

• 1. Flynn, T.M., Dekker, Marcel ―Cryogenic Engineeringǁ, Plenum Press, USA, 2009.
• 2. Timmerhaus, K.D, Flynn, T.M, ―Cryogenic Process Engineeringǁ, Plenum Press, USA, 2009.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

• 1. Bose A. and Sengupta P.―Cryogenics: Applications and Progressǁ, Tata McGraw Hill, 2010.
• 2. Barron R., ―Cryogenic Systemsǁ, Oxford University Press, 2012.
• 3. Haselden, G.G., Cryogenic Fundamentalsǁ, Academic Press, 2012.