B.Tech IV Year I Semester (R18)
Student will be able to
After completion of the course the student is able to:
Introduction: Pharma Industries Basic Processors and Instrumentation Techniques, Process Analysis Technology (PAT). Filtration: Classification of Filtration, Mechanism of Filtration, Filter media, Filter Aids, Pretreatment of materials, small scale filtration methods, filtration equipment, filter presses, Leaf filters, stacked disc filters, meta filters, Rotary continuous filters, other methods, ceramic filters, seitz filters, sintered (fritted) Glass filters, Membrane filters, factors affecting the rate of filtration, filter operation, theory of filtration, Limitations of filter theory. Centrifugation: General principles, theoretical aspects, classification, Laboratory equipment, Large scale equipment, Semi continuous centrifuge, equipment with non-perforated basket, de laval clarifier, vertical solid bowl centrifuges, continuous centrifuges. Theory of filtration, filter aids, filter media, industrial filters including filter press, rotary filter, edge filter, etc. Factors affecting filtration, mathematical problems on filtration, optimum cleaning cycle in batch filters. Principles of centrifugation, industrial centrifugal filters, centrifugal filters, and centrifugal sedimeters.
Crystallization: Introduction, Crystal forms and crystal Habit, classification of crystallizers, tank crystallizers, agitated batch crystallizers, Swenson Walker Crystallizer, others, Krystal Crystallizer, Vacuum Crystallizer without External Classifying seed Bed, theoretical aspects of Crystallization, Calculation of yields, theory of Crystallization. The miers super saturation theory, limitations of themiers theory, rate of crystal growth, Caking of crystals. Characteristics of crystals like; purity, size, shape, geometry, habit, forms, size and factors affecting it. Solubility curves and calculation of yields, Material and heat balances around Swenson Walker Crystallizer. Super saturation theory and its limitations, Nucleation mechanisms, crystal growth. Study of various types of crystallizers, tanks, agitated batch, single vacuum, circulating magma and crystal crystallizers. Caking of crystals and its prevention. Numerical problems on yields.
Humidity control and Refrigeration: Basic concepts and definition, wet bulb temperature, adiabatic cooling lines, use of Humidity chart, determination of humidity, air conditioning, humidification and humidifying equipment, dehumidifiers. Introduction, refrigeration equipment, coefficient of performance and refrigerants, Brine systems, refrigeration load, absorption systems. Evaporation and Distillation Heat Processes: Factors affecting evaporation, study of evaporating stills and evaporating pans, heat transferring evaporators, vapor compression evaporators and evaporation under reduced pressure. Distillation: Importance of distillation in Pharmacy, methods of distillation. Brief introduction to freeze drying, sublimation, desiccation and exsiccation, efflorescence and its importance.
Size Reduction and Separation: Introduction, mechanism and principles of size reduction, classification of size reduction equipment, law of size reduction, large equipment, mills using impact force for size reduction, cage mills, pin mills, fluid energy or jet mills, attrition and grinding mills tumbling mills. Ball mills and tube mills, practical size classifiers used with grinding mills, wet classifiers, nonrotary
ball and bead mills, dry vs wet grinding, end runner mill, edge runner mills, disc attrition mills, dispersion and colloid mills, roller mills, size reduction combined with other operations, factors influencing choice of size reduction machinery, changes resulting in the material due to size reduction. size separation sieving, Screening equipment, sedimentation, screen analysis Definition, objectives of size reduction, factors affecting size reduction, laws governing energy and power requirements of a mill, types of mills including ball mill, hammer mill, fluid energy mill etc. Various methods and equipments employed for size separation, centrifugal elutriation, microscopic methods.
Mixing and Homogenization: Introduction, equipment for4 mixing of miscible liquids, mixing of a soluble solid with a low viscon liquid etc., mixing solids with solids, equipment, consideration while choosing solids mixing equipment, theory of mixing, mixing solids with liquids, mixing miscible liquids, mixing viscous masses, mixing of immiscible liquids, equipment for emulsification. Theory of mixing, solid solid, solid liquid and liquid liquid mixing equipment, double cone, twin-shell, silverson mixer, colloid mill, sigma blade mixer, planetary mixer, propeller mixer and turbine mixer.Semi solid mixing, Triple roller mill.
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