JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD

Course Objectives

The objectives of the course are to

• Introduce the concepts of fluid mechanics useful in Civil Engineering applications.
• Provide a first level exposure to the students to fluid statics, kinematics and dynamics.
• Learn about the application of mass, energy and momentum conservation laws for fluid flows.
• Train and analyses engineering problems involving fluids with a mechanistic perspective is essential for the civil engineering students
• To obtain the velocity and pressure variations in various types of simple flows.
• To prepare a student to build a good fundamental background useful in the application-intensive courses covering hydraulics, hydraulic machinery and hydrology.

Course Outcomes

Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:

• Understand the broad principles of fluid statics, kinematics and dynamics.
• Understand definitions of the basic terms used in fluid mechanics and characteristics of fluids and its flow.
• Understand classifications of fluid flow.
• Be able to apply the continuity, momentum and energy principles.

UNIT - I

Properties of Fluid Distinction between a fluid and a solid; Properties of fluids – Viscosity, Newton law of viscosity; vapour pressure, boiling point, cavitation; surface tension, capillarity, Bulk modulus of elasticity, compressibility. Fluid Statics Fluid Pressure: Pressure at a point, Pascals law, Hydrostatic law, Piezometer, U-Tube Manometer, Single Column Manometer, U-Tube Differential Manometer, Micromanometers. Pressure gauges, Hydrostatic pressure and force: horizontal, vertical and inclined surfaces.

UNIT - II

Fluid Kinematics Classification of fluid flow: steady and unsteady flow; uniform and non-uniform flow; laminar and turbulent flow; rotational and irrotational flow; compressible and incompressible flow; ideal and real fluid flow; One, two- and three-dimensional flows; Streamline, path line, streak line and stream tube; stream function, velocity potential function , flow net , One, two- and three-dimensional continuity equations in Cartesian coordinates applications. Fluid Dynamics Surface and Body forces -Euler’s and Bernoulli’s equation; Momentum equation. correction factors. Bernoulli's equation to real fluid flows.

UNIT - III

Flow Measurement in Pipes Practical applications of Bernoulli’s equation: venturi meter, orifice meter and pitot tube, applications of Momentum equations; Forces exerted by fluid flow on pipe bend, sudden enlargement in pipes. Flow Over Notches & Weirs Flow through rectangular; triangular and trapezoidal notches and weirs; End contractions; Velocity of approach. Broad crested weir.

UNIT - IV

Flow through Pipes Reynolds experiment, Reynolds number, Loss of head through pipes, Darcy-Wiesbatch equation, minor losses, total energy line, hydraulic grade line, Pipes in series, equivalent pipes, pipes in parallel,

siphon, branching of pipes, three reservoir problem, power transmission through pipes. Analysis of pipe networks: Hardy Cross method and EPA NET, water hammer in pipes and control measures.

UNIT - V

Laminar & Turbulent Flow Laminar flow through circular pipes, and fixed parallel plates. Boundary Layer Concepts Prandtl contribution, Assumption and concept of boundary layer theory. Boundary-layer thickness, displacement, momentum & energy thickness concepts of laminar and turbulent boundary layers on a flat plate; Laminar sub-layer, smooth and rough boundaries. Local and average friction coefficients. Separation and Control. Drag and Lift and types of drag, magnus effect. .

TEXT BOOKS:

• 1. Fluid Mechanics by Modi and Seth, Standard Book House.
• 2. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic machines by Manish Kumar Goyal, PHI learning Private Limited, 2015.
• 3. Fluid Mechanics by R.C. Hibbeler, Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

• 1. Fluid Mechanics – Frank M. White – 8th Edition – Mc Graw Hill Education.
• 2. *Theory and Applications of Fluid Mechanics, K.Subramanya, Tata McGraw Hill
• 3. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machines by SK Som, Gautam Biswas, Suman Chakraborthy, Mc Graw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
• 4. Fluid Mechanics and Machinery,C.S.P. Ojha, R. Berndtsson and P. N. Chadramouli, Oxford University Press, 2010
• 5. Fluid mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Domkundwar & Domkundwar Dhanpat Rai &Co
• 6. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, R. K. Bansal, Laxmi Publication Pvt Ltd.