M.Pharmacy I Year I Semester (R22)
The subject imparts basic knowledge of molecular biology. This information will
make the student Competent in molecular biology DNA topology, mutations and Transcriptions and Translations and Gene expressions.
Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to,
Introduction to Molecular biology Nucleic acids - DNA and RNA structure and functions, DNA as genetic material. Griffth, Avery- McCarty-MCLeod, Hershy- Chase, Franklin Conrat Experiments DNA Structure: Chemistry of DNA, Forces stabilizing DNA structure, Helix parameters, Forms of DNA (A,B,C,D,T and Z), Watson – Crick and Hoogsteen base pairing , Physical Properties of ds DNA (UV absorption spectra Denaturation and renaturation ), Chemical that react with DNA.
DNA topology: DNA supercoiling, Supercoiled form of DNA, Superhelical density, Energetic of supercoiled DNA, Biology of supercoiled DNA (Topological domain of DNA, DNA topoisomerases, Mechanisms of supercoiling in cells, mechanisms of action of topoisomerase I and II, effect of supercoiling on structure of DNA and role of supercoiling in gene expression and DNA replication). Organization of DNA into chromosomes: Packaging of DNA and organization of chromosome in bacteria and eukaryotic cells; packaging of DNA in eukaryotic nucleosome and chromatin condensation assembly of nucleosomes upon replication. Chromatin modification and genome expression.
Mutations- molecular mechanism - types of DNA mutations and its significance. DNA repair - repair mechanisms - need of DNA repairs, DNA recombination – molecular mechanism of recombination- relationship between repair and recombination, SOS mechanism. Proteins and enzymes involved DNA repair and recombination. DNA – Protein Interactions: General features interaction of Helix- turn Helix motif, B sheet, Zn- DNA binding domain etc with DNA.
DNA Replication: Mechanism of DNA polymerase catalyzed synthesis of DNA, types of DNA polymerases in bacteria and their role. Initiation of chromosomal DNA replication and its regulation in prokaryotes assembly of replisome and progress of replication fork, termination of replication. Types and function of eukaryotic DNA polymerases initiation of replication in eukaryotes, role of telomerases in replication of eukaryotic chromosomes. Inhibitor of DNA replication (Blocking precursor synthesis nucleotide polymerization, altering DNA structure). Transcription: RNA polymerases, features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic promoters. Strong and weak promoters. Assembly of transcription initiation complex in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and its
regulation; synthesis and processing of prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcripts. Transport of RNA within eukaryotic cell. Regulatory elements of genes-promoters. Fate of mRNA.
Translation- Synthesis and Processing of Proteome: Structure and role of tRNA in protein synthesis, ribosome structure, basic feature of genetic code and its deciphering, translation (initiation, elongation and termination in detail in prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes), Post translational processing of protein (protein folding, processing by proteolytic cleavage, processing by chemical modification, inteins). Protein degradation. Regulation of Gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Positive and negative regulation. lac-, ara-, his- and trp- operon regulation; antitermination, global regulatory responses; Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes: Transcriptional, translational and processing level control mechanisms. DNA- transposable elements- types of transposable elements, its importance in variation and evolution. Possible origin of virus, Oncogenes.
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