JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD

Course Objective

This course enables students to understand various pharmacoepidemiological

methods and their clinical applications. Also, it aims to impart knowledge on basic concepts, assumptions, terminology, and methods associated with Pharmacoeconomics and health related outcomes, and when should be appropriate Pharmacoeconomic model should be applied for a health care regimen.

Course Outcome

Upon completion of this course it is expected that students shall be able to:

• Understand the various epidemiological methods and their applications
• Understand the fundamental principles of Pharmacoeconomics.
• Identify and determine relevant cost and consequences associated with pharmacy products and services.
• Perform the key Pharmacoeconomics analysis methods
• Understand the Pharmacoeconomic decision analysis methods and its applications.
• Describe current Pharmacoeconomic methods and issues.
• Understand the applications of Pharmacoeconomics to various pharmacy settings.

UNIT - I

Introduction to Pharmacoepidemiology: Definition, Scope, Need, Aims & Applications; Outcome measurement: Outcome measures, Drug use measures: Monetary units, Number of prescriptions, units of drug dispensed, defined daily doses, prescribed daily doses, Diagnosis and Therapy surveys, Prevalence, Incidence rate, Monetary units, number of prescriptions, unit of drugs dispensed, defined daily doses and prescribed daily doses, medications adherence measurements. Concept of risk: Measurement of risk, Attributable risk and relative risk, Time- risk relationship and odds ratio

UNIT - II

Pharmacoepidemiological Methods: Qualitative models: Drug Utilization Review; Quantitative models: case reports, case series, Cross sectional studies, Cohort and case control studies, Calculation of Odds’ ratio, Meta-analysis models, Drug effects study in populations: Spontaneous reporting, Prescription event monitoring, Post marketing surveillance, Record linkage systems, Applications of Pharmacoepidemiology

UNIT - III

Introduction to Pharmacoeconomics: Definition, history of Pharmacoeconomics, Need of Pharmacoeconomic studies in Indian healthcare system. Cost categorization and resources for cost estimation: Direct costs. Indirect costs. Intangible costs. Outcomes and Measurements of Pharmacoeconomics: Types of outcomes: Clinical outcome, Economic outcomes, Humanistic outcomes; Quality Adjusted Life Years, Disability Adjusted Life Years Incremental Cost-Effective Ratio, Average Cost-Effective Ratio. Person Time, Willingness to Pay, Time Trade Off and Discounting.

UNIT - IV

Pharmacoeconomic evaluations: Definition, Steps involved, Applications, Advantages and disadvantages of the following Pharmacoeconomic models: Cost Minimization Analysis (CMA), Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA), Cost Effective Analysis (CEA), Cost Utility Analysis (CUA), Cost of Illness (COI), Cost Consequences Analysis (COA).

UNIT - V

Definition, Steps involved, Applications, Advantages and disadvantages of the following:

Health related quality of life (HRQOL): Definition, Need for measurement of HRQOL, Common HRQOL measures. Definition, Steps involved, Applications of the following: Decision Analysis and Decision tree, Sensitivity analysis, Markov Modeling, Software used in Pharmacoeconomic analysis, Applications of Pharmacoeconomics.

REFERENCES:

• 1. Rascati K L. Essentials of Pharmacoeconomics, Woulters Kluwe rLippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
• 2. Thomas E Getzen. Health economics. Fundamentals and Flow of Funds. John Wiley & Sons, USA.
• 3. Andrew Briggs, Karl Claxton, Mark Sculpher. Decision Modeling for Health Economic Evaluation, Oxford University Press, London.
• 4. K G Revikumar, Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics Concepts and Practices.
• 5. Michael Drummond, Mark Sculpher, George Torrence, Bernie O'Brien and Greg Stoddart. Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programs Oxford University Press, London.
• 6. George E Mackinnon III. Understanding health outcomes and Pharmacoeconomics.
• 7. Graker, Dennis. Pharmacoeconomics and outcomes.
• 8. Walley, Pharmacoeconomics.
• 9. Pharmacoeconomic – ed. by Nowakowska – University of Medical Sciences, Poznan.
• 10. Relevant review articles from recent medical and pharmaceutical literature
• 11. Guru Prasad Mohanta and P K Manna, Textbook of Pharmacovigilance Concepts and Practice M.Pharm Sem – II (PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS)