JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD

UNIT - I

Energy Balance of the earth: The Greenhouse effect – Physical Source of sunlight – Planck’s black-body radiation distribution from different black body temperatures – The earth and Solar Constant – Spectral distribution of extra-terrestrial radiation – Basic earth-sun angles – Solar time and equation of time – attenuation of solar radiation by the atmosphere – Direct and diffuse radiation at the ground – Empirical equations for predicting the availability of solar radiation

UNIT - II

Photovoltaics (PV): Semiconductor physics and Operating principle – Silicon as PV material - Direct and indirect band-gap material – Flow of Silicon material – Single crystal Silicon Solar cell – Structure – Important electrical parameters – Ideal and approximate equivalent circuits - Manufacturing processes (wafer and cell) of single crystal, multi-crystalline and Edge Defined Film Fed Growth Silicon - Temperature and Irradiation effects – Absorption coefficient and reflectance - Silicon film, Cadmium telluride (cdTe), Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide, amorphous silicon – Comparison of ‘Thin film’ and ‘Bulk crystal’ technology – manufacturing (module making) processes of amorphous silicon on glass, stainless steel and plastic substrates – Typical materials used - Concentrator technology and the importance of tracking – Comparison of efficiencies of various technologies – Recent trends in PV technology and manufacturing.

UNIT - III

PV modules and Arrays: Design requirements of PV modules – Rating of PV modules – Standard Test Conditions (STC), Normal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) and Standard Operating Conditions (SOC) – Output curves ( ‘Current-Voltage’ or ‘I-V’ and ‘Power-Voltage’ or ‘P-V’) under various irradiance and temperature conditions – Mounting structure for PV modules/arrays – Orientation and array layout – Effects of shading - Other balance of systems (BOS) and protective devices: blocking and bypass diodes, movistors – Roof mounted arrays – Building integrated PV (BIPV) – Typical faults and diagnosis – Hot Spot problem in a PV module and safe operating area - Performance measurement of typical parameters of cells/modules under natural and simulated light – Indoor sun simulators - Outdoor PV array testers – ASTM and IEEE standards for Class A and Class B simulators – Pulsed, steady state and single flash types – Determination of temperature coefficients, series and shunt resistances, curve correction factor - Computation of efficiency and fill factor – Translation of parameters actually measured to STC – Reliability Testing: Qualification tests, IEC Standards 61215 & 61646 – Reliability test – Field stress testing.

UNIT - IV

PV Systems: Stand alone and grid connected – Load estimation – Daily load demand – Solar radiation/irradiance table for a particular location - Sizing of the PV array, battery, inverter and other BOS – Maximizing efficiency of sub-systems – Balance of systems – Single axis and two axis tracking at optimum inclination of the PV array – Power conditioning and control – Maximum Power Point Trackers, Charge controllers/regulators, AC/DC Converters, DC/AC inverters – Alarms, indicators and monitoring equipment – Energy Storage: Batteries, Deep cycle lead acid type, Battery Design and construction, Other types of batteries, Battery Selection criteria, Safety issues – Typical applications of PV – Hybrid systems: PV-Wind, PV-Diesel engine, PV-Mains - System Sizing examples: Domestic loads, Water pumping, Lighting (using CFLs, White LEDs) - hybrid systems, village power packs – Installation practices – Trouble shooting – Economic analysis: Life Cycle Cost analysis – Environment impacts of PV – Green buildings – Potential for GHG emission reduction of installed PV systems

UNIT - V

The Hydrogen EconomyAdvantages of hydrogen as an energy carrier – Components of the hydrogen economy - Generation of hydrogen - Transport and storage of hydrogen: physical and chemical - Fuel Cells – Classification of fuel cells based on (a) Type of electrolyte (b) Type of the fuel and oxidant (c) operating temperature (d) application and (e) chemical nature of electrolyte

REFERENCES:

• 1. Solar Electricity /Edited by Tomas Markvart/John Wiley and Sons
• 2. Solar Cells – Operating Principles, Technology and System Applications /Martin A. Green/Prentice Hall Inc
• 3. Modelling Photovoltaic Systems using P Spice/Luis Castaner and Santiago Silvestre/John Wiley and Sons
• 4. Solar Energy – Fundamentals and Applications/H. P. Garg and J. Prakash/Tata McGraw-Hill
• 5. Generating Electricity from the Sun/Edited by Fred C. Treble/Pergamon Press
• 6. Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells/K. Takahashi and M. Konagai/North Oxford Academic
• 7. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering/Roger Messenger/CRC Press
• 8. Fuel Cells/Livin Oniciu/Abacus Press 1976