JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B. Pharmacy III PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY Previous Question Paper (August/September-2021 - R17)
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Discuss the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Answer
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are distinguished primarily by their cellular organization and complexity. Prokaryotes are generally smaller, unicellular organisms lacking a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, whereas eukaryotes are larger, often multicellular, and contain a well-defined nucleus and specialized membrane-bound organelles.
| Feature | Prokaryotes | Eukaryotes |
|---|---|---|
| Nucleus | Absent (nucleoid region) | Present (membrane-bound) |
| DNA structure | Circular, single chromosome | Linear, multiple chromosomes |
| Membrane-bound organelles | Absent | Present (Mitochondria, Golgi, etc.) |
| Ribosomes | 70S | 80S (70S in organelles) |
| Cell wall | Peptidoglycan (in bacteria) | Cellulose or Chitin (if present) |
| Cell division | Binary fission | Mitosis and Meiosis |
Draw and label ultra structure of gram positive bacteria.
Answer
The ultrastructure of a Gram-positive bacterium consists of several distinct layers and internal components. The primary feature is a thick, multi-layered peptidoglycan cell wall, which retains the crystal violet stain during Gram staining. Beneath this lies the cytoplasmic membrane, a phospholipid bilayer that regulates transport.
Key structural components include:
- Cell Wall: Thick peptidoglycan layer containing teichoic and lipoteichoic acids.
- Cytoplasmic Membrane: Selectively permeable lipid bilayer.
- Cytoplasm: Contains ribosomes (70S), enzymes, and storage granules.
- Nucleoid: Irregularly shaped region containing the circular bacterial chromosome.
- Plasmids: Small, circular, extrachromosomal DNA molecules.
- Surface Appendages: Pili or fimbriae for attachment and flagella for motility (if present).
- Capsule: An optional outer polysaccharide layer for protection.
Give the raw materials used for culture media.
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Describe the principle of phase contrast microscopy.
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Define a sterilization and write the types of sterilization.
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Explain mechanical sterilization with any two examples.
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Write the principle involved in mechanical method of sterilization.
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What is the importance of sterility indicators?
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Write the classification of disinfectants with examples.
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Define disinfection with any two suitable examples.
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What are antiseptics give examples.
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What is the difference between Prions and Virions?
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Mention the different sources of contaminations.
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Give the classification for clean area with examples.
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Mention the factors affecting the microbial spoilage for pharmaceutical products.
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Give the procedure for cell cultures with suitable examples.
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