JNTU
JNTU B.Pharmacy IV BIOSTATISTICS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Previous Question Paper (September-2021 - R17)
Answer any five questions. All questions carry equal marks.
Main
What are called measures of central tendency? List them. How the R and S.D are calculated for a data derived for pharmaceutical formulation. Write your answer with suitable illustration.
Answer
Measures of central tendency are statistical parameters that represent the central or typical value of a dataset. They provide a single value that summarizes the entire distribution, indicating the location of the center of the data. The primary measures are the Mean (arithmetic average), Median (middle value), and Mode (most frequent value).
In pharmaceutical research, Range (R) and Standard Deviation (S.D.) are critical measures of dispersion used to assess the consistency and quality of formulations, such as the uniformity of weight or drug content.
Range (R) is the simplest measure of dispersion, calculated as the difference between the maximum and minimum values in a dataset:
Standard Deviation (S.D.) measures the average deviation of data points from the mean, indicating the precision of a manufacturing process:
Where X is the individual observation, X̄ is the sample mean, and n is the sample size.
Illustration: Consider the weight (mg) of 5 tablets: 502, 498, 500, 505, 495.
- Mean (X̄) = (502+498+500+505+495) / 5 = 500 mg.
- Range (R) = 505 - 495 = 10 mg.
- Deviations (X - X̄): 2, -2, 0, 5, -5.
- Squared Deviations: 4, 4, 0, 25, 25. Sum = 58.
- Variance = 58 / (5 - 1) = 14.5.
- S.D. = √14.5 ≈ 3.81 mg.
A lower S.D. indicates high precision in the pharmaceutical formulation process, ensuring consistent drug delivery.
Discuss the following term with respect to biostatistics.
Answer
A sample is a subset of individuals or observations selected from a larger population to represent it. It is used in biostatistics to make inferences about the population parameters when studying the entire population is impractical or impossible due to time, cost, or logistical constraints.
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Explain in detail about one-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA in calculating the level of significance and prove the hypothesis.
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Write short notes on the following.
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Elaborate the application of SPSS software in the clinical trials of pharmaceutical products. Write your answer with graphs and illustration.
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What is the need for research, need for design of experiments, experiential design techniques including plagiarism in pharmaceutical research? Write its importance.
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Highlights the application of:
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Give a short note on:
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