JNTU
JNTU B.Tech III INTRODUCTION TO MECHATRONICS Previous Question Paper (September - 2021 - R16)
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Main
Describe the functions of sensors and actuators in washing machine.
Answer
Functions of Sensors:
- Water Level Sensors (Pressure Sensors): These detect the hydrostatic pressure to determine the amount of water in the drum, ensuring the machine does not overfill and optimizing water usage based on load size.
- Temperature Sensors (Thermistors): These monitor the water temperature to ensure it reaches the set point required for specific fabric types, providing feedback to the heating element controller.
- Tachogenerators/Hall Effect Sensors: These measure the rotational speed of the drum motor, allowing the controller to maintain precise RPM during wash and spin cycles.
- Unbalance Sensors: These detect excessive vibrations during the spin cycle, signaling the controller to redistribute the load or reduce speed to prevent mechanical damage.
Functions of Actuators:
- Inlet Valves (Solenoids): These are electromechanical devices that open or close to allow water into the machine.
- Drain Pump: An electric motor-driven pump that removes wastewater from the drum at the end of a cycle.
- Drum Motor: The primary actuator that provides torque to rotate the drum, often controlled via Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) for variable speed control.
- Heating Element: A resistive heater that increases the water temperature based on the signal received from the temperature sensor.
- Door Lock Mechanism: A safety actuator that prevents the door from opening while the drum is spinning or the water level is high.
Define an amplifier and explain how OP amps are used for amplifying signals.
Answer
An Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is a high-gain, direct-coupled, differential amplifier. It is used for signal amplification by employing negative feedback to achieve precise gain control. Without feedback, the open-loop gain is extremely high, making it unstable for linear amplification.
Common Op-Amp Amplification Configurations:
- Inverting Amplifier: The input signal is applied to the inverting terminal (-) through a resistor, and the non-inverting terminal (+) is grounded. The output is 180 degrees out of phase with the input. The gain is given by: A = - (R_f / R_in)
- Non-Inverting Amplifier: The input signal is applied directly to the non-inverting terminal (+). The output is in phase with the input. The gain is given by: A = 1 + (R_f / R_in)
By selecting appropriate external resistors (R_f and R_in), engineers can precisely define the amplification factor required for sensors or audio signals, ensuring the signal is strong enough for subsequent processing stages like Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC).
Explain about the application of mechatronics in Robot and CIM.
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Describe filtering noise using passive components.
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Write about guide ways and feed drives used in precision mechanical systems.
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Explain about sensor and actuator interfacing.
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Describe about gauging and tool monitoring used in precision mechanical systems.
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Explain about protection schemes.
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Describe about Digital to Analog Convertors.
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Explain the concept of pulse width modulation with a neat sketch.
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Explain the basic structure of Programmable Logic Controllers.
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Describe about Master and Jump Controls.
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Explain about proximity sensors.
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Describe about PID controllers.
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Explain about capacitive sensors.
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Describe about core functionalities in programmable motion controllers.
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