JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B.Tech III Year COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND OPERATING SYSTEMS Previous Question Paper (February/March - 2022 - R16)

A bus structure is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer or between computers. The primary bus structures are:

• Single-Bus Structure: All units (CPU, memory, and I/O) are connected to a single common bus. While simple and low-cost, it limits performance because only two units can communicate at a time, creating a bottleneck.
• Multiple-Bus Structure: This design uses several buses to allow simultaneous data transfers. For example, a system may have a dedicated memory bus and an I/O bus. This increases parallelism and overall system throughput by reducing bus contention.
• Hierarchical Bus Structure: This organizes buses into levels, such as a high-speed local bus for the CPU and cache, a system bus for main memory, and a slower expansion bus (like PCI or PCIe) for peripheral devices. This architecture balances speed requirements across different components.

The floating-point addition process involves the following logical steps, typically represented in a flowchart:

1. Start.
2. Check for zeros: If either operand is zero, return the other operand.
3. Align exponents: Compare exponents and shift the mantissa of the number with the smaller exponent to the right until exponents match.
4. Add mantissas: Perform addition of the two mantissas.
5. Normalize result: If an overflow occurs, shift the mantissa right and increment the exponent; if leading zeros exist, shift left and decrement the exponent.
6. Round the result: Adjust the mantissa to fit the required precision.
7. Check for exponent overflow/underflow: Verify the final exponent is within the representable range.
8. End.