JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B.Tech IV MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION Previous Question Paper (December-2023/January-2024 - R15)
Note: i) Question paper consists of Part A, Part B. ii) Part A is compulsory, which carries 25 marks. In Part A, Answer all questions. iii) In Part B, Answer any one question from each unit. Each question carries 10 marks and may have a, b as sub questions.
Part A
What factors influence the speed of nerve conduction along an axon?
Answer
The speed of nerve conduction is primarily influenced by the diameter of the axon, where larger diameters offer lower internal resistance, and myelination, which allows for saltatory conduction, significantly increasing speed by jumping between nodes of Ranvier.
Differentiate between EPSP and IPSP in synaptic transmission.
Answer
An Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) is a temporary depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane potential caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell, bringing the membrane potential closer to the threshold for an action potential. Conversely, an Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) is a hyperpolarization that moves the membrane potential further away from the threshold, making an action potential less likely.
Why is calibration important for bio potential electrodes?
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Define microelectrodes and explain their significance in neuroscience research.
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What is common-mode rejection, and how does a differential amplifier achieve it?
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Explain how does a pre-amplifier improves the signal-to-noise ratio?
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What distinguishes digital recorders from analog recording systems?
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How does an electrostatic recorder create images or waveforms?
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Define skin resistance and explain its relevance in electrical safety.
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Briefly explain the purpose of an electrical safety analyzer.
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Part B
Explain the strength-duration relationship in nerve stimulation. How does it vary for different types of nerves?
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Draw and explain the electrical equivalent circuit of an axon.
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Derive the Nernst equation and explain its significance in understanding ion concentration and membrane potential.
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Define and calculate the membrane time constant. How is it related to the rate of charging and discharging of a cell membrane?
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Explain in detail about the different types of body-surface recording electrodes used in electroencephalography (EEG).
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Define polarization in the context of electrodes. How does it impact bioelectric signal recording?
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What is an electrode? Differentiate between polarizable and nonpolarizable electrodes.
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Explain how motion artifacts can affect the quality of bioelectric recordings.
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Discuss the role of bioamplifiers in the overall accuracy and reliability of biomedical data.
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Provide a detailed explanation of how chopper amplifiers work to reduce noise in low-level measurements.
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Explain the potential risks associated with the lack of electrical isolation in bioamplification systems.
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Explain how signal conditioners are integrated into wearable biomedical devices.
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Explain in detail about video printers in medical imaging.
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Describe the working principle of an electrostatic recorder.
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Explain how a medical oscilloscope differs from a standard laboratory oscilloscope in terms of design and functionality.
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Explain how LCD technology meets the specific requirements of medical imaging and diagnostics.
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How do factors such as skin resistance and internal body resistance affect susceptibility to electric shock?
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Describe the common methods for the distribution of electric power in industrial and residential settings.
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Explain in detail about macro shock hazards are and provide examples.
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Discuss the importance of electrical safety codes and standards in ensuring safe practices.
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