JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B.Tech III BIOMETRICS Previous Question Paper (March - 2021 - R18)

Biometrics are categorized into two primary types based on the characteristics used for identification:

• Physiological Biometrics: These are based on the physical characteristics of the human body. Common examples include:
  • Fingerprint Recognition: Analyzes the unique patterns of ridges and valleys on a finger.
  • Face Recognition: Maps facial features such as distance between eyes, nose width, and jawline.
  • Iris/Retina Scanning: Examines the complex patterns in the iris or the blood vessel patterns in the retina.
  • Hand Geometry: Measures the shape, size, and length of fingers and the palm.
• Behavioral Biometrics: These are based on patterns of human activity or behavior. Common examples include:
  • Signature Verification: Analyzes the dynamics of signing, such as pressure, speed, and stroke sequence.
  • Voice Recognition: Analyzes the physical and behavioral characteristics of speech, including pitch, cadence, and tone.
  • Keystroke Dynamics: Measures the rhythm and timing with which a user types on a keyboard.
  • Gait Analysis: Identifies individuals based on their unique walking pattern.

The architecture of a biometric system consists of four main modules that process data from capture to decision:

1. Sensor Module: This module acts as the interface between the real world and the system. It captures the raw biometric data (e.g., a digital image of a fingerprint or a voice recording).
2. Feature Extraction Module: The raw data is processed to extract a set of salient features. This reduces the data size and creates a compact representation known as a biometric template.
3. Matching Module: The extracted features are compared against the stored templates in the database. A matching score is generated based on the similarity between the input and the stored data.
4. Decision Module: Based on the matching score and a predefined threshold, the system makes a final decision to either accept or reject the user's identity.

The system also includes a Database Module, which stores the enrolled templates for future comparison.