JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B.Tech III SCRIPTING LANGUAGES Previous Question Paper (August - 2022 - R16)

To extract files from compressed archives in Linux, the tar utility is used. While tar originally stood for Tape Archive, it is now the standard tool for handling archives with compression.

For a .tar.gz file, use the following command:

For a .tar.bz2 file, use the following command:

The common options used are:

• -x: Extract files from the archive.
• -z: Filter the archive through gzip (for .gz files).
• -j: Filter the archive through bzip2 (for .bz2 files).
• -v: Verbose mode, which lists the files being processed.
• -f: Specifies the filename of the archive.

The Linux operating system architecture is organized into layers that separate the user applications from the physical hardware. The primary components are:

• Hardware Layer: Consists of physical components such as the CPU, RAM, hard drives, and peripheral devices.
• Kernel: The core of the operating system. It manages hardware resources, memory, process scheduling, and file systems. It acts as the bridge between hardware and software.
• System Call Interface: A set of functions that allow user-space applications to request services from the kernel, such as file I/O or process creation.
• Shell: A command-line interpreter that provides an interface for users to interact with the kernel by executing commands.
• User Utilities/Applications: The top layer containing software like text editors, compilers, and web browsers that users interact with directly.

The architecture ensures security and stability by restricting direct hardware access to the kernel, forcing applications to communicate through defined system calls.